Aristotle — Aristotle's History Of Animals

INDEX.

Α. Ἄγνος, Vitex agnus castus, a tree like a willow, the branches of which the matrons strewed on their beds at the Thesmophoria, 266. Ἀδριανικαὶ ἀλεκτορίδες, a small kind of domestic fowl, 138. Ἀείσκωψ, a kind of owl. Stryx aluco, Strack, 249. Brown Owl. There is also another migratory kind mentioned, 249, which does not hoot. Ἀέροψ, the Bœotian name of the Merops, M. apiaster, 138. Ἀετὸς, or αἰετὸς, Eagle, hence the Latin avis, 9, 61; its eggs and young, 146; two species, the Pygargus haliætus, and the black eagle, Aquila anataria or Falco nævius, ib.; several species, 201, 250; used in augury, 217; eats serpents, 231; food and manners, 251; true eagles, Falco chrysaetos, ib.; the eagle kills the heron, 233; it fights with the vulture and the swan, ib.; a kind of eagle in Scythia, 252. Ἀηδῶν, nightingale, Sylvia luscinia, its song, 95, 96; reproduction, 108; its tongue, 246; changes its song and colour, 276. Ἀθερίνη, Atherina presbyter, Spratt's Lycia, or A. vera, in modern Greek atherno, 159; its reproduction, 160, 234. Αἰγίθαλος, Parus, Tit or Titmouse, eats worms, 202; three species, ib.; lays many eggs, 246; an enemy to bees, 265; σπιξίτης, parus major, Strack. ὀρεινὸς, Parus ater, Strack, or P. caudatus. ἐλάχιστος, Parus cœruleus. Αἴγιθος, Bunting, Emberiza, Strack, or hedge sparrow or Parus cœruleus, dislikes the ass, builds in hedges, 232; hostile to the anthus and acanthis, 233; its food and young, 246. Αἰγοθήλας, goat sucker, Caprimulgus Europæus, 250. Αἰγοκέφαλος, Stryx otus, Strack, 39. Αἰγυπιὸς, the Vulture, it is hostile to the Æsalon (small hawk), 9, 23; and fights with the eagle, ib. Αἴγυπτος, Egypt, the Egyptians batch eggs in manure, 139; two kinds of Egyptian mice, one with stiff hair (Hierax, or Aulacodus Swinderianus), another with long hind legs (Jerboa, or Cavia), 178; the care of animals among the Egyptians, 231; a large kind of oxen in Egypt, 226; asp and ichneumon, 238; white and black ibis, 242. Αἰγώλιος, a night bird of prey, Stryx passerina, Strack, or S. flammea. Camus. La chouette, little owl, 201; kills the calaris, 232; its habit and mode of life, 247; in p. 139 this bird is called αἰτώλιος. Αἰετὸς, a cartilaginous fish, one of the class selache, Raia aquila, 104. Αἰθιοπία, Æthiopia, winged serpents in Æthiopia, probably Draco volans, 9; Æthiopian sheep, 165. Αἰθίοψ, Æthiopian, teeth, 60; semen, 72, 188. Αἴθυια, a large waterbird, Larus parasiticus, or L. Marinus, Strack, or L. argentatus, 2; its reproduction, 108; food, 203. Αἴλουρος, cat, Felis cattus, copulation, 103; its young, food, and mode of life, 177; kills birds, 239. Αἱμοῤῥοΐς, or ἀποῤῥαΐς, a kind of shell fish, perhaps Murex, 85, 86. Αἴξ, goat, male and female, Ibex or wild goat, Spratt's Lycia, Caper hircus, Strack, 13, 27, 28, 31, 66; the she goats of Œta, 70; the he goat in Lemnos, ib.; it is mentioned with the chimæra or domestic goat in 71; dreams, 97; infested with ticks, 134; discharges of the female, 163, 164; gestation, 165; food, drink, &c., 207; the wild goat, 225; Syrian Caper hircus Mambricus and Lycian goat, C. Angorensis, ib.; Egyptian, 226; its mode of life, 235; wild goats in Crete, 238; rumination, 278. Αἴξ, a water bird, probably Tantalus arquatus, Strack, Scolopax Gallinago, 208. Αἰσάλων, a small hawk, perhaps sparrow-hawk or merlin, Falco Æsalon, 253. Αἰτώλιος, see Αἰγώλιος. Ἀκαλήφη, Medusa, and probably also some species of Actinia, 2, 3; fixed and locomotive kinds, 87, 88; small and edible species, others large and hard, 88; a fleshy kind, 195; a large kind, its food, mouth, and anus, 198. Ἀκανθίας, a kind of shark, Squalus Acanthias, Strack, 256. Ἀκανθὶς, thistle finch or gold finch, Fringilla carduelis, or Fringilla cannabina, Strack, or F. spinus, brown linnet, 202; hates the ass, lives on worms, 233; a foe to the anthus and ægithus, 234; its food, colour, song, 247. Ἀκανθυλλὶς, Parus pendulinus, or caudatus, Strack, 202; its nest, 245. Ἄκαρι, mite, Dermestes fatidicus, or perhaps Bostrichus, Strack, 135. Ἀκρὶς, locust, Tetigonia, Strack. Acridium, 89, 95; its birth, 123; reproduction, 132; changes its skin, 216; it is said to contend with serpents, 238; the Spex lacerticida corresponds with this description, Schneider. Ἀκύλος, the acorn of the evergreen oak, used for fattening pigs, 206. Ἀλεκτορὶς, the domestic hen, Phasianus gallus, different kinds, 111, 138; sometimes produces soft eggs, 139; chickens, 140, 141; barren eggs, and times of laying, ib.; growth of the chick in the egg, 142; twin eggs, 144; the hen sometimes takes the form of the cock, 215; rolls in the dust, 277. Ἀλεκτρυὼν, domestic fowl, male, also used of the class, 5; his comb, 36; crop, 45; appendages to intestines, ib.; crowing, 96; manner of coition, 102; appearances like ova when cut open, 139; testicles, 148; habits in temples, 241; sometimes they assume the form and habits of hens, 275; method of castration, 277. Ἁλιαίετος, sea-eagle, different from the osprey, perhaps Aquila albicilla or Falco haliœtus, 203, 251, 253. Ἀλκυὼν, Alcedo, kingfisher, or perhaps Turdus arundinaceus, reproduction, 107, 108; two species described, 203; materials and form of its nest, 246. It is doubtful whether either of the species is our kingfisher. Schneider. Ἁλοσάχη, probably a species of Zoophyte Alcyonia, 246. Ἀλώπηξ, fox, Canis vulpes, 6, 29; it breeds with the Laconian dogs, 227; attacks the heron, 233; is friendly with the crow, ib.; a troglodyte, ib. Ἀλώπηξ, Vampire, Vespertilio caninus, Strack, V. dinops or Sciurus volans, 9; reproduction, 177; it hunts mice, 178. Ἀλώπηξ, a cartilaginous fish, reproduction, 149; represents a class, 151; Egyptian species, 226; stratagems, 255. Ἀμία, a kind of tunny, mackerel, Scomber, Strack, 4, 40, 91; its rapid growth, 160, 199, 200; lives in bays, 211; and enters rivers, 218; its teeth and mode of defence, 255. Ἀμυγδαλή, Amygdala communis, almond tree, 268; almonds, 242. Ἀνθίας, a migratory sea fish, also called αὐλωπίας, Scomber ala longa, 159; gregarious, 234; also called sacred, 255. Ἄνθος, yellow bunting, Emberiza citrinella, Strack, Motacilla barula, 202; feeds in meadows, imitates the neighing of the horse, 233; hostile to the acanthis and ægithus, ib.; it lives by the side of rivers, 244. Ἀνθρήνη, wild bee, Apis terrestris, or Vespa crabro, 88; the larvæ, 124; reproduction, 130; a diligent insect, 258; makes honey, 260; its manners and habits, 270. Ἄπιος, the pear tree, 126. Ἀπλυσίας, a dark-coloured sponge, 119. Ἀποῤῥαΐς, various reading for αἱμοῤῥοΐς, Murex, or Natica. Ἄπους, swift, Hirundo apus, 4; also called κύψελλος, 271. Ἀράχνης, spider, 5, 85, 135; its web, reproduction, 123, 131, 132; is driven away by its young, 131; it sucks its prey, 213; is eaten by the lizard, 232; four kinds, 258, 259. Ψύλλα, Salticus scenicus—The smaller kind Dolomedes mirabilis—the larger Lycosa ruricola, another Dolomedes fimbriatus. Ἄρκτος, bear, Ursus Arctus, 25, 27, 29, 42; coition, 102; at this time it becomes fierce, 161; period of gestation, imperfect young, 175; mode of drinking, 205; hybernation, 215; eats the arum, ib.; the females courageous, 230; its habits, 237. Ἄρκτος, a crustacean, perhaps Cancer spinosissimus, Strack, Scyllaris arctus, reproduction, 121; its food and manner of seizing it, 205. Ἅρπη, a bird of prey, falcon, lives near the sea, and attacks the gull and brenthus, 232; the piphinx and ictinus are friendly to it, 234; its mode of life, attacks the eyes of its prey, 247. Ἀρχάνος, a fish, see Ἀχάρνας. Ἀσκαλαβώτης, lizard, Lacerta Gecko, Stellio veterum, 160; it lives in holes, 213; changes its skin, 216; its bite poisonous in some parts of Italy, 227; it eats spiders, 232; it can walk in an inverted position, 242. Ἀσκάλαφος, probably some kind of owl, Stryx ulula, 45. Ἀσκαλώπας, Scolopax gallinago, snipe, Strack, (Schneider disapproves of this identification), S. phæopus, 249. See σκολόπαξ. Ἀσκαρίδες, ascaris, intestinal worm, 124. Ἀσκαρὶς, the larva of the empis (gnat), 125. Ἀσπάλαξ, mole, Talpa vulgaris, lives in holes, 5; its eyes, 13, 90; there are many in Bœotia, none in Lebadia, 225. Ἀσπὶς, Coluber aspis, asp, from which a poison is made in Lybia, 227; in Egypt it is attacked by the ichneumon, 238. Ἀστακὸς, lobster, Cancer Gammarus, and Astacus, 138; compared with the spiny lobster, 77, 78, 79; a small fresh-water species, Astacus fluviatilis, crayfish, 86; its reproduction, 106, 121; changes its shell, 217. Ἀσταφὶς, a raisin used for feeding cattle, 206. Ἀστερίας, a cartilaginous fish, 109, 151. Squalus asterias. Ἀστερίας, a hawk, 109, 151, 253. Ἀστερίας, Ardea stellaris, bittern, 233. Ἀστὴρ, star-fish, Uraster rubens, 118. Ἀσφόδελος, a plant, asphodel, A. ramosus, 260. Ἀτρακτυλλὶς, a plant of the thistle tribe, Carthamus creticus. Ἀτταγὴν, grouse, Tetrao bonasia, or T. attagen, 249; it lives on the ground, 276. Ἀττέλαβος, a kind of locust, Gryllus, 123; reproduction and death, 133. Αὐλωπίας, the same as ἀνθίας, 159. Αὐξὶς, the young tunny, 160. Ἀφάκη, plant, a kind of vetch, 208. Ἄφρος, fish spawn, 157. Ἀφύη, anchovy or sardine, Melanurus juvenculus, 157, its origin, ib.; other kinds, ib.; in modern Greek ἀφροψαρο. Ἀχαΐνης ἔλαφος, a variety of large stag with a strong mane, Strack; a brocket, or two-year old stag, from his single-pointed horns, Liddell and Scott, 39, 237. Ἀχάρνας, a sea fish, Anarrhicas rufus, 200; does not bear heat, 218. Ἀχέτας, the male grasshopper, Cicada Orni, 89. Ἀχρὰς, a kind of wild pear, Pyrus communis, 206, 268. Β Βάλαγρος, a fresh-water fish, Cobitis barbus, 98. Βάλανος, Balanus, Cirripede, acorn shell, 94, 117. Βάλανος, acorn, 221. Βάλλερος, a fresh-water fish, Cyprinus blicca, 156, 219; βάλερος, βαλῖνος, βαρῖνος, are various readings. Βασιλεὺς, also called trochilus, and presbys, lives in holes, 244; has a bright crest, 202; probably Regulus Cristatus, golden-crested wren, or Sylvia troglodytes. Βατὶς, a bird that frequents bushes, Sylvia rubicola, eats worms, 202; mentioned with finch and sparrow. Βατὶς, a fish, the prickly roach, Liddell and Scott, 149, 152. Βάτος, ray, Raia batos, not the skate, which is perhaps leiobatos, 8, 37; its manner of coition, 104; it does not receive its young into itself, 150, 151; it lives in holes, 214; its manner of taking its prey, 255. Βάτραχος, frog, Rana esculenta and R. temporaria, 3, 39, 87; croaks, 96; the female larger than the male, 100; coition, 103; tadpole, 154; its united spawn, 155; spoken of as a class, 196; no croaking frogs in Cyrene, 225; marsh frogs are foes to bees, 261. Βάτραχος, a cartilaginous fish, Lophius piscatorius and L. barbatus, 8, 37, 38, 40; among the selache, 104; oviparous, 148, 150; it produces many young, 159. Βελόνη, fish, Syngnathus acus, 40; its reproduction, 109, 154, 160; gregarious, 234; the Halcyon builds its nest with the bones of this fish. Βολίταινα, cephalopod, Eledone moschites, Leach, 76; also called ὄζολις; it does not exist in the Euripus, 256. Βομβύκια, Apis cementaria, or also Megachile muraria, and Bombus terrestris, forms an angular cell of mud, 131. Βομβυλιὸς, larva of silk worm, 124; the humble bee, 260, 271. Βόμβυξ, silkworm. Βόνασσος, Antelope bonassus, or Bos Urus, Bison, 26, 28; its country, form, habits, hunting, 273. Βοσκὰς, Anas boscas, or A. Crecca, 203. Βόστρυχος, insect, Lampyris noctiluca, Strack, 125. Βουβαλὶς, Antilope Gnou, 58. Βοῦς, Bos taurus, Ox, 5, 27, 28, 29, 30, 41, 62; milk, 69; dreams, 97; lowing of the bull, 100, 112; coition, 103; tormented with lice, 135; sexual desires, 161, 162; discharges and urine of the cow, 163; reproductive powers of bull, 168; the castrated animal is taught to lead the herd, ib.; teeth, milk, and habits, ib.; veins in the embryo, 190; mode of drinking, 205; care of the ox, 206; red cattle of Epirus, 207; diseases, 219, 222; the ox drinks pure water, 224; Egyptian oxen, 226; habits, 236; wild oxen, B. Bubalus, 26; one species of ox has a bone in its heart, 39; oxen in Phrygia which can move their horns, 61; small oxen in Phasis, 71; oxen in Epirus, ib.; in Tortona, 72; the cow brings forth at a year old, 113; Syrian oxen, 226; castration of the young, 278; rumination, ib. Βοῦς, a cartilaginous fish, Raia cornuta, 104, 152. Βρένθος, a sea-bird, Anas tadorna, hostile to the larus and harpa, 232; makes its nest in hills and woody places, 244. Βρύας, a large owl, Stryx bubo, 201. Βρύον, algæ, both fresh-water and marine, 155, 200, 220. Βρύσσος, an echinite, Scutella, 102. Βωμολόχος, Corvus monedula, 248 Βὼξ, a gregarious fish, Sparus boops, 234; contracted from Βόαξ, from the sound it makes. Γ Γαλας, a kind of smooth shell-fish, mya pictorum, 82. Γαλεὸς, a cartilaginous fish, Squalus galeus and charachias, Strack, or Gadus lota, 8, 44, 49, 108, 149, 151; uterus and ova, 150; receives its young into itself, ib.; not found in the Pyrrhæan Euripus, 256. Γαλεώδη, fish of the shark kind, 37, 40, 41; placed under the selache, 104, 149; the males have appendages, 104; the uterus, 149; galei and galeodes, 151. Γαλῆ, weasel, martin, polecat, Mustela Faro, M. Erminea, M. vulgaris, 20; the wild kind hunts mice, 178; hostile to the crow, 232; it attacks serpents, 233; in Poroselene, 225; it fights with serpents, especially with those called myotheræ, 238; its form compared with the ictis, 239; eats birds' eggs, 232; mode of attacking its prey, 238. Γέρανος, crane, Ardea grus, 2, 4, 64; coition, 102; migrations of the male bird, 209; they migrate after the quails, ib.; the fable of the stone they are said to carry, 210; gregarious, ib.; migrations, leaders, prudence, 243; they fight with each other, the number of their eggs, 245. Γίννος, the offspring of a mule with a mare or she ass, 11; see ἵννος. Γλανὶς, a fresh-water fish, Silurus glanis, Strack, 9, 38, 40, 219; conjoined spawn, 155: two species, the greater and the smaller, the male watches the spawn, ib.; size of the ova, 156; diseases, 219; unfit to eat when in spawn, the female better than the male, 229; the male watches the young, breaks the hook with its teeth, 256. Γλάνος, Hyæna striata, 204. Γλαῦκος, a fish of a grey colour, Gobius Gozo, Strack, 44; marine, 211; it lives in holes during the summer, 214; when good for food, 228. Γλαυκώδεις, birds of the owl kind, 36. Γλαῦξ, owl, 39, 45; has crooked claws, 201; how it may be taken, 210; lives in holes, 215; hostile to the crow and orchilus, 232; is pecked by smaller birds, used in hawking, ib.; the time for taking the owl, 252. Γλωττὶς, a bird, Rallus crex, Strack, Scolopax glottis, see κύγχραμος and ὀρτυγόμητρα its tongue and migrations, 210. Γνάφαλος, probably some Indian bird, its form and food, Ampelis garrulus, 246. Γνήσιοι ἀετοὶ, true eagles, Aquila Chrysaetos, 251. Γόγγρος, conger, Muræna conger, 8, 37, 38, 40, 41, 61; its ova and fat, 160; it is destroyed by the spiny lobster, but destroys the polypus, 198; its food, 199; black and white kinds, 211; lives in holes, 213; it is attacked by the muræna, 235; compared with the sea serpent, 255. Γραῦς, a crustacean, Dromia lanosa, 217. Γυπαίετος, or ὑπαίετος, Vultur barbatus, see ὀρειπέλαργος, 251. Γυρῖνος, tadpole, 154. Γύψ, vulture, Vultur cinereus, or V. fulvus, eggs and nest, 145, 243; its food, two kinds of vulture, 201. Δ Δάσκιλλος, a fish, sciæna umbra, 199. Δασύπους, hare, Lepus timidus, and L. cuniculus, 5, 29, 49, 58, 64, 71; coition, 102; superfetation, 108; reproduction, 176, 186; in Ithaca, 225; smaller in Egypt, 226; another species near Lake Bolba, 41. Δελφὶς, dolphin, Delphinus delphis, 7, 13, 29, 37, 40, 46, 47, 59, 69, 91, 92, 93, 95; its sleep, 98; the fish called φθείρα follows the dolphin, 135; reproduction, 104, 152; it breathes air, 196; food, 200; throws itself on its back to take its prey, ib.; dolphin in the Pontus, 212; gentle habits, 274; its speed, it sometimes throws itself on the shore, 275. Δίκταμνον, plant, dittany, 238; origanum Dictammum, Lin. Δορκὰς, Antelope dorcas, 26. Δράκων, a sea fish, Trachinus draco, lives near the shore, 211. Δράκων, a species of serpent in fresh water, attacks the glanis, 219; is hostile to the eagle, 231; sucks the juice of the herb picris, 238. Δρεπανὶς, perhaps the sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, 4. Δρομάδες, migratory fish, perhaps some species of tunny, 4, 155. Δρυοκολάπτης, woodpecker, 202; three kinds, Picus varius, P. viridis, P. martius, 242; habits, ib. Ε Ἐγκρασίχολος, the parent of the Apua, Clupea encrasicolus, Strack, 157. Ἔγχελυς, eel, Muræna anguilla, 8, 37, 40, 41, 61, 66, 93; is neither male nor female, 99; the so-called male and female are different species, 97; migrates to the sea to spawn, 156; its origin, 158; description and habits, 200, 201; those called female are better for food, 229. Ἐλαίας ἄνθος, the flower of the olive, 127, 133, 216, 242. Ἔλαφος, stag, Cervus Elaphus, 5, 26, 27, 28; those called Achaïnæ, 39, 237; blood, 58, 67; horns, 60, 236, 237; the female, 100; coition, 103, 174; voice, 112; habits, 236, 237; the castrated animal, 278; rumination, ib. Ἐλέα, Emberiza arundinacea, or Turdus arundinaceus, Strack, or E. schœnilus, 246. Ἐλεγῖνος, a migratory fish, 234. Ἐλεδώνη, Eledone cirhosa, Leach, (Owen, in Cyclopædia of Anatomy), 76. Ἐλειὸς, dormouse, Myoxus Avellanarius; or perhaps squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris, lives in holes in trees, 216. Ἔλειοι, a kind of hawk, 253; probably an incorrect reading. Ἐλεὸς, an owl, Stryx Aluco, Strack, see Ἀείσκοψ, 201. Ἐλέφας, Elephas Indicus, 5, 13, 14, 24, 26, 28, 29, 40, 43, 46, 61, 72; voice, 96; reproduction, 103, 115, 161, 173; food, 207; life and diseases, 222, 224; strength, 234; capture, ib.; habits, docility, 274. Ἔλλοψ, a fish with four simple branchia, sword fish or sturgeon, Liddell and Scott, Centriscus scolopax, Strack, Accipenser stellatus, 37; ἔλοψ, 40. Ἕλμινς, worms, especially intestinal worms, tænia and lumbricus, some exist in sponges, 119; origin, 123; three kinds, flat worms, round worms, ascarides, 124; worms in snow, Podura nivalis, 126; some insect larvæ are described as worms, 135; small worms in eels, 158; worms in dogs, Tænia sevrata, 238. Ἐμπὶς, gnat, larger than κώνωψ, Tabanus, or Phryganea, Strack, 3, 9, 206. Εμὺς, Testudo coriacea, fresh-water tortoise, Emys lutraria, 39; reproduction, 136; habits, 194, 216. Ἔντελις or ἔτελις, probably sea bream, Sparus, Strack, Sparus Rayi, 153. Ἔντερα γῆς, the decomposing matter in which eels have their origin, 158. Ἔντομα, insects, as a class, 3, 10, 73, 123. Ἐνυδρίς, otter, Lutra vulgaris, 2; its food, 205. Ἐπιλαΐς or ὑπολαΐς, Sylvia curruca, Strack, or perhaps hedge sparrow, 202. Ἔποψ, hoopoe, Upupa Epops, 1; its nest, 138; lives in woods and mountains, 244; changes its colour, 246, 276. Ἐρέβινθος, a plant, leguminous seeds, Ervum sativum, 221. Ἐρίθακη, bee bread, 267. Ἐρίθακος, Sylvia erithacus, or S. Phœnicurus, Strack, Redstart, 202; in its summer plumage called Phœnicurus, 276. Ἐρινεὸς, wild fig tree, 136. Ἕρπυλλος, Thymus serpyllum, wild thyme, 261. Ἐρυθρῖνος, a red kind of mullet, Perea marina, Sparus Erythrymus, Strack, Perea scriba, all have roes, there are no males, 99, 153, 211. Ἐρωδιὸς, heron, Ardea major, 203; a foe to the woodpecker, 212; three kinds, ὁ πέλλος, the black, Ardea cinerea, ὁ λευκος, the white, A. egretta, ὁ ἀστεριας, A. stellaris, 233, 247; a friend of the crow, 323. Εὐλαὶ, maggots in flesh. Ἐφήμερον, ephemera, insect, 10, 126. Ἐχενηΐς, probably Goby or Blenny, Forbes in Spratt's Lycia, not the Remora, which was unknown to the ancients. Echeneis remora, Strack, 38. Ἔχιδνα, viper, Coluber vivipara, C. verus, 10; hides under stones, 213. Ἐχινομήτρα, Echinus Esculentus, Forbes in Spratt's Lycia, 86. Ἐχῖνος, sea urchin, Echinus lividus; another species, with hard spines, is Cidaris hystrix, also a long species, Amphidetus Mediterraneus, Forbes, 10, 11; eatable kinds, 86; small species, E. saxatilis; white species at Torone, E. decadactylus, ib., 87, 94; at what season they are full of ova, 110. Ἐχῖνος, hedgehog, Erinaceus Europæus, 10, 46, 61, 81; coition, 102; changes the entrance of its hole when the wind changes, 239. Ἔχις, a serpent, Coluber vivipara, Vipera Reedii, viviparous, 49; reproduction, 137; how captured, 204; changes its skin, 216; becomes more poisonous by eating scorpions, 227. Ἑψητὸς, a small fish, Atherina Hepsetus, Strack, 156. Ζ Ζύγαινα, a shark, Squalus Zygæna, Strack, 40. Ζυγνὶς, a lizard, see χαλκὶς, 223. Ζωδάρια, several small animals, 135. 1. Tinea pellionella. 2. T. sarcitella. 3. Psorus pulsatorius. 4. T. graminella. Ζῶον, several unnamed animals. 1. A small crustacean in shell fish, perhaps Pinnotheres, 86. 2. marine creatures like small pieces of wood, Veretillum, 89. 3. marine creatures like shields, Alcyonium, 89. 4. marine creatures like αἰδοῖον ἀνδρὸς, Pennatula, 89. 5. winged creatures produced from maggots in pulse, Bruchus, 126. Η Ἡμίονος, mule, offspring of horse and wild ass, the female larger and more long lived, 99, 170; the so-called mules of Syria, Equus hemionus, 11, 172, 177. Ἥπατος, a fish so called from its colour, Theutis hepatus, Strack, Stromatos fiatola, 44. Ἠπίολος, moth, Tinea mellonella, 225. Ἡρακλεοτικὸς καρκίνος, Heracleotic crab, has a long tail, 77, 81. Θ Θαλλὸς, a shoot of a plant, especially the olive, 208. Θηρία, animals larger than flies in fire, 126; animals which destroy honey-combs, 225; an animal like a moth, ib. Θὶς, black shore weed, fucus, 211. Θραυπὶς, a small bird like a goldfinch, Fringilla Carduelis, or F. Cannabina, 202. Θρίσσα, a fish with prickly scales, 256. Θρίψ, timber worm, 207. Θύμον, thyme, Thymus vulgaris, 266. Θυννὶς, the female tunny, 108, 109; aged, 160; food, 200; migration, 211; gregarious, 234. Θύννος, tunny fish, Scomber Thynnus, 4, 38; sleeps, 98; swims in shoals, 108; male and female, ib.; reproduction, 109, 135; life, 149; they appear to be a year older than the pelamys, 160; food, 199; migrates after the scombri, 209; when best for food, 211; migrations, 212; how concealed, 214; delights in warmth, 219; old fish unfit for salting, their weight, 228. Θὼς, jackal or ounce, Felis onza, or perhaps Canis aureus, Strack, 42; habits, 177; hates the lion, 234; carnivorous, ib.; several kinds, 272. Ι Ἴβις, Tantalus Ibis, Strack, two species, white, Tantalus sacer, and black, T. falcinellus, 249. Ἱέραξ, hawk, 9, 39, 40; incubation, 146; like the cuckoo, 146, 147; the young good to eat, 147; a kind which builds in rocks, ib.; three species, 201; enumeration of species, 253; the Egyptian hawk, 226; its nest, 243; does not eat the heart of birds, ib. Ἱέρας or ἱέρος, a kind of serpent, 228. Ἰκτῖνος, kite, Falco milvius, 39, 40; incubation, 146; food, 201; drink, 203; migration, 215; a foe to the raven, 232. Ἴκτις, weasel or ferret, Mustela furo, 29; habits, 239. Ἰλλὰς, a kind of thrush, gregarious, Turdus iliaceus, Strack, 248; this identification is very doubtful, Schneider. Ἰξόβορος, a kind of thrush, Turdus viscivorus, Strack, 248. Ἰξὸς, miseltoe, 248. Ἵννος, hinnus, the offspring of a horse and she ass, 163. Ἰουλὶς, a red fish, Labrus Iulis, Strack, 234. Ἴουλος, Iulus, scolopendra, centipede, 73. Ἱππάρδιον, giraffe, Giraffa cameleopardalis, 26. Ἱππέλαφος, perhaps the Nilghau, Antilope picta, 26. Ἱππεὺς, a crustacean, Ocyopode cursor, 77. Ἱππομύρμηξ, a large kind of ant, Formica Herculanea, 225. Ἵππος, horse, Equus Caballus, 13, 26, 27, 29, 39, 62, 66, 69, 70; dreams, 97; neighing, 112; reproduction, age, life, 113, 161, 169; food and drink, 205, 207; small horses in the country of the Pygmies, 209; diseases, 219, 222, 223; story of a Scythian horse, 274. Ἵππος ὁ ποτάμιος, river horse, Hippopotamus amphibius, 32, 196; in Egypt, 32. Ἵππουρος, fish, Coryphæna hippurus, 109; hides in holes, 213. Ἰτέα, willow, 155. Ἴϋγξ, wryneck, Jynx torquilla, 35. Ἰχνεύμων, Ichneumon, Viverra Ichneumon, 177; attacks the asp in Egypt, 238. Ἰχνεύμων, Ichneumon (insect) Sphex, hunts spiders, 124, 232. Κ Κάλαμος, reed, Acorus calamus, and perhaps also some of the larger grasses, 122, 155; its flower, 127; used to support vine, 133, 155, 216; flourishes in rainy weather, 217. Κάλαρις or κόλαρις, a bird preyed on by the little owl. Motacilla alba L., Schneider, 232. Fringilla petronia. Καλίδρις, Tringa, Sandpiper, Scolopax calidris, 203. Καλλιώνυμος, fish, Uranoscopus, Strack, U. Scaber, 40; lives near the shore. Καλλύντρον, a shrub from the flowers of which the bees are said to procure their young, 127; perhaps Cerinthe, L., Strack, honeysuckle. Κάμηλος, Camel, Camelus Bactrianus and C. Dromedarius, 25, 27, 29, 30, 70; reproduction, 103, 114, 161, 173; endurance of thirst, 207; life, ib.; diseases, 222; purity, 274; castration of females, 278. Κάμπη, caterpillar, 124. Κανθαρὶς, several kinds of beetles, 88; a kind of fly, 106; origin, 126. Κάνθαρος, beetle, Scarabæus pilularius, Schneider, Cantharis lytta, 9; origin, 125; changes its skin, 216. Κάνθαρος, a sea-fish, lives near the shore, Sparus Cantharus, 211. Κάπρος, boar, 29; coition, age, 112, 114; castration, 277. Κάπρος, a fish said to make a grunting noise. Cottus cataphractus, or Squalus centrina, 37; in the Achelous, 95. Καραβοειδῆ, crustaceans, 79, 85, 228. Κάραβος, insect, stag-beetle, Cerambyx. Strack, 89, 125. Κάραβος, Palinurus vulgaris, Spiny lobster, 7, 9, 10; as a class, 73, 77; male and female, 78; described, 79, 80, 84, 93; sleep, 97; reproduction, 120; where produced, 121; change their shell, ib.; kills other fish, is killed by the polypus, 198; habitation, pursuit, 129; hides itself and changes its shell, 217. Καρίδιον πιννοφύλαξ, a small crustacean, Pinnotheres veterum, Bell's Crustaceans, 117. Καρὶς, shrimp or prawn, Crangon, Palæmon, 77; different kinds, ib.; reproduction, 106, 121; changes its colour in winter, 228. Καρκίνιον, hermit crab, Pagurus Bernhardi, L., Bell, and probably other species, 85; in Strombi and Neritæ, ib., 118; also a species in Pinnæ distinguished from καρίδιον, 117. Καρκίνος, crab, of various species. Cancer, Carcinus, &c., 4, 10, 73, 77; several species, 77; fluviatile, Telphura fluviatilis, ib.; number of feet, ib.; short-tailed ib.; description, 80, 81, 85; reproduction, 106; white crabs in various shells, 117; change of shell, 121; rock crabs, 198; black crabs, hard shelled crabs, 217. Κάστωρ, beaver, Castor Fiber, 205. Καυλίον, some kind of sea-weed, 200. Καταῤῥάκτης, diver, Pelecanus bassanus, L., Schneider, 45; mode of taking its prey, 244. Κεγχρὶς, Falco tinnunculus, Schneider, 45; lays many eggs, 138; red eggs, 139; mode of drinking, 203. Κελεὸς, large green woodpecker, Picus viridis, 202, 232, 233. Κέφρος, petrel, Procellaria pelagica, 203, 253. Κέρθιος, creeper, Certhia familiaris, 247. Κερκὶς, Populus tremula, osier, 205. Κεστραῖοι, mullets as a class, 109, 159. Κεστρεὺς, mullet. Mugil. In the lake Silpha, 37, 44, 92; it sleeps, 98; capture, 87; birth, 108; enumeration of species, 109, 153, 157; enters rivers to spawn, 156, 159; food, 199, 228; habits, 200; near the shore, 211; associates with the labrax, 235; the swiftest of fishes, 256; in season in the autumn, ib. Κέφαλος, grey mullet. Spratt's Lycia, Mugil cephalus, 109, 153; reproduction, 159; food, 199; injured by cold, 218. Κήβος, monkey, Simia mora or diona, Strack, 32. S. Cynologus. Κηρὶς, κυρὶς, or κιῤῥὶς, a sea-fish, 228. Κήρυλος, a sea-bird, mentioned with the Halcyon, 203. Tringa variabilis. Κήρυξ, whelk, Buccinum, its mecon, 80, 81, 82, 85; appears in the early spring, 110; nidulary capsules, 115, 116; the small whelk, 118; hides itself, 213. Κῆτος, whale, as a class, 10, 39; whales, 69; other whales, 152. Κητώδη, Cetacea, 7, 13, 104, 196; turn on their back to seize their prey, 200. Κηφὴν, drone, 260. Κίγκλος, probably Tringa Cinclus, Linn. Dunlin, 244. Cinclus aquaticus. Κίθαρος, a kind of turbot, Trigla lyra, 44. Κιννάμωμον, a spice, cinnamon, 245. Κιννάμωμον ὄρνεον, cinnamon bird, 245; Herodotus, Book 3, c. 111. Κίρκος, perhaps Falco nisus, Liddell and Scott, 232, 253. Falco pygargus. Κισσὸς, Ivy. Hedera Helix, 130. Κίττα or Κίσσα, Jay, Corvus glandarius, captured by the Ægolius and Eleus, 201; changes its note, 245; its nest, ib. Κίχλη, Turdus labrus and T. merula, nest, 138; hides, 215; changes its colour in winter, 276; three kinds, 244. Κίχλη, a sea-fish, 37; near the land, 211; in pairs, 213; changes its colour, 228. Κλῆρος, also called πυραύστης, an insect injurious to beehives, Galeria cerella and G. mellonella, 226, 266. Κνίδη, sea-nettle, probably an actinia, 118, 255. Κνιπολόγος, a species of woodpecker, Picus varius, or minor, 202. Κνὶψ or σκνὶψ, an insect, Formica flava, Strack, finds honey by the sense of smell, 93; eaten by the woodpecker, 93, 202, 242. Κόγχη, a bivalve shell, Mya pictorum, 82; several species, ib.; a kind of crustacean is found in them, 85; origin, 117, 118; large smooth shell in rivers, 243. Κογκύλιον, a small bivalve shell, 198, 199. Κοῖτος or κόττος, a fresh-water fish. Trout, Salmo Fario, Strack, 92. Κοκκάλιον, Helix, land snail, 81. Κόκκυξ, cuckoo, Cuculus Canorus, 93, 138; habits, form, and eggs, 146; eatable, 147; lays in the nests of other birds, 249; changes its note when about to migrate, 276. Κολεὸς, also ἐλεὸς, and κελεὸς, woodpecker, 233. Κολίας, a kind of tunny, Scomber colias, in the Propontis, 211; when taken, 212; gregarious, 234. Κολιὸς, Corvus monedula or Picus viridis, 36; in p. 242 colœus should probably be colius. Κολλυρίων, Ampelis garrula, L. Schneider. Lanius garrula or excubitor, 248. Κολοιὸς, Pelecanus graculus, four species, 248. Κολοκύντη, cucumber, Cucumis Sativus, 124, 208. Κολυμβὶς, a sea-bird, diver, Colymbis, 3, 203. Κόνις, knits, 134. Κόνηξα, plant, Inula Conyza, or I. pulicaria, flea bane, 93. Κορακίας, probably the Cornish Chough Pyrrocorax Graculus, 248. Κορακῖνος, sturgeon, Accipenser huso, Strack, Sparus Chromis, 109, 159, 160, 213, 218, 228, 234. Κορακοειδῶν γένος, the crow tribe, 5. Κόραξ, raven and rook, Corvus Corax and frugilegus, 40, 45, 64; eggs, incubation, young, 146; Egyptian raven, 226; hostile to the hawk, 232; pecks the ass and bull, ib.; friend of the fox, 233; frequent in towns, 248; nest and habits, 250. Κόραξ, a water-bird, Pelecanus Carbo, Strack, 203. Κορδύλη or σκορδύλη, the young tunny fish, 160. Κορδύλος, water-newt, Triton aquaticus, 3, 9, 197. Siren Proteus. Κόρις, cimex, bug, C. lectularius, 134. Κορυδαλὸς, lark, Alauda arvensis cristata, 277. Κορυδὸς, lark, Alauda cristata, A. arborea, A. arvensis, (though Schneider thinks this identification doubtful), its nest, 146, 249; hybernates, 215; hostile to the pœcilis, 232; is said to eat the eggs of the eagle, 233; friendly to the schœnilus, 234; perches on the ground, 242, 245; two kinds, 249. Κορώνη, Corvus corone, 45; feeds its young after they are fledged, 146; incubation, 147; lives near the sea, 203; Egyptian, 226; foe to the owl, presbys, and typanus, 232; friend of the heron, 234; always to be seen, 248. Κότινος, the wild olive tree, Eleagnus angustifolia, used as food for sheep (accidentally omitted in the translation), 208. Κόττος, see κοῖτος. Cottus Gobio, 92. Κόττυφος, blackbird, Turdus merula, Strack, but apparently not always, Turdus merula, and T. saxatilis, hybernate, 215; changes its colour, 228; nest, 245; two kinds, black and white, 247; changes its plumage and voice in the winter, 276. Κόττυφος, a sea-bird, 110, 214. Κόττυφος, a fish, 228. Labrus Merula. Κόχλιας, snail, Helix, several kinds, 73, 81; land-snails, 83; when full of ova, 110; die when the shell is taken off, 136; form an operculum when they hybernate, 213; eaten by swine and partridges, 255. Κόχλος, Fresh-water univalve shells, Limnæa, Planorbis, 81, 83, 84, 86. Κραγγὼν, prawn, Cancer digitalis (Squilla mantis), Strack, Penæus sulcatus, 77. Κράμβη, cabbage or colewort, Brassica, 124, 126. Κραμβὶς, caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly, Papilio Danais Brassicæ, 125. Κράστις, green fodder for horses, 207. Κρὲξ, Trigna pugnax, hostile to the celeus, 233; its habits, 247. Κριθή, barley, 206. Κριὸς, Ovis aries, ram, breeding season, 114, 161, 199. Κροκόδειλος, the Land crocodile, Lacerta stellio, Monitor terrestris, 25, 34; both kinds mentioned, 43, 46; reproduction, 137; brought up in Egypt, 231; Herodotus, Book 4, c. 192. Κροκόδειλος, the Egyptian crocodile. Crocodilus Niloticus, 2, 14; in Egypt, 33, 59; reproduction, 137; hybernates, 72. Κρότων, Ricinus, tick, or dog-louse, Hippobosca ovina, 135; Acarus ricinus, 125. Κτεὶς, Pecten, 82, 84. A large kind, which has one valve flat, Pecten maximus, 84, 94, 95; origin, 117; small crustaceans in them, ib.; hybernate, 213; red pectens, 220; leap, 256. Κύαμοι, beans, Vicia faba, 72, 206. Κύανος, Turdus Cyaneus, blue thrush, 248. Κύγχραμος or κύχραμος, Corncrake, Rallus Crex, Strack, probably a species of ortolan, Lindell and Scott. Leads the flight of the quails, 210. Κύκνος, swan, Cycnus olor, 4, 45;[231] food, 203; gregarious, 211; fights with the eagle, 233; habits, 244; when dying they go towards the sea, ib. Κύλλαρος or σκύλλαρος, hermit crab, Pagurus, 85. Κύμινδις, the Ionic name of the χαλκὶς, Stryx Nisoria, 244, 251. Κυνακάνθη, perhaps the dog-rose, worms in it, 126. Rosa canina. Κυνοκέφαλος, dog-headed ape, Simia Cynocephalus, 32. S. Porcaria. Κυνοῤῥαϊστής, dog-ticks, Ricinus canis, 135. Κυπρῖνος, carp, Cyprinus Carpio, 38; inhabits rivers, 91; production and growth of young, 155, 156; star-struck, 219. Κύτισος, a shrub, Cytisus, Medicago arborea, 71. Κυφὴ, a kind of shrimp or prawn, 77. Palæmon Squilla or Crangon vulgaris, also Pagurus. Κύψελλος, a kind of swallow, Martin? Hirundo urbica, makes its nest of mud in rocks and caverns, 250. Κύων, dog, Canis familiaris, 6, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 42, 58; large dog of Epirus, 71; dreams, 97; reproduction, barking, &c., 103, 107, 112, 113, 114, 161, 163; Laconian dogs, their habits, 166, 167; when dogs eat grass, 204, 238; diseases, 222; Egyptian dogs, 226; Cyrenian dogs, half-bred, with wolves, Laconian with foxes, Indian with tigers, 227; the Molossian shepherd dog, 230; intestinal worms in dogs, 238. Κύων, a cartilaginous fish, Squalus carcharias, Strack, S. galeus, 104, 151. Κωβιός, gudgeon, Gobio, 44; ova, 153, 155; poor ones cast on shore, 157; food, 200; live near the land, 211; fatten in rivers, 218; gregarious, 197; in winter does not leave the Pyrrhic Euripus, 256. Κωλώτης, an animal inhabiting the stables of the ass, a lizard according to some, Scaliger thinks a beetle, 232, Mus minutus. Κώνωψ, a species of gnat, smaller than the empis, Conops calcitrans, Strack, Culex pipiens or C. calcitrans, 89, 94; springs from a worm in vinegar, Mosillus cellarius, 126. Λ Λάβραξ, perhaps Perca Labrax, Basse, 8, 92; sleeps, 98; reproduction, 108, 109, 153, 159; food, 199, 200; has a stone in its head, 218; unfit to eat when in spawn, 228; at times associated with cestreus, 244. Λαγωὸς, hare, Lepus timidus, the Egyptian, 226. Λαεδὸς, the name of a bird living in rocks and mountains, perhaps it should be λαΐος, 234. Λαΐος, a species of thrush, Turdus torquatus, 234, 247. Λαμία, a species of shark, Squalus centrina, or carachias, 104, 255. Λαμπυρὶς or πυγολαμπὶς, glow-worm, Lampyris notiluca, see Πυγολαμπὶς. Λάρος, gull or cormorant, Larus canus and marinus, Sterna, 45; colour, 203; a white kind, ib.; hostile to the brenthus and harpa, 232. Λάταξ, beaver, Castor fiber, 3, 205. Λάχανα, potherbs, 217. Λειόβατος, skate, Raia Batis, 40, 151. Λεπὰς, limpet, Patella, 82, 84, 85, 86, 117. Λεπιδωτοὶ, scaly fishes, see Πλωτοὶ. Λευκερώδιος, white heron, Platalea leucerodia, 203. Λεύκη, probably the unopened flower-bud of the grape, or Populus alba, 121. Λεύκος, Ardea argentata, 233. Λέων, Lion, Felis Leo, 6, 24, 25, 26, 28; lioness, 29, 30, 32, 42, 59, 61, 69; reproduction, 102, 161, 176; existing in one district of Europe, 226; Syrian Lions, 176; mane and teeth, ib.; food, 205; habits, 271, 272; two kinds described, 272. Λιβανώτις, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosemary, 183. Λίβυος, a bird, enemy of the woodpecker, 232. Λίγυες, Lygians who are said to have seven ribs, 16. Λιμνόστρεα, oysters, Ostrea edulis, 82, 117; small crustaceans in them, ib. Λόκαλος, a species of heron, Ciconia dubia, 45. Λόφουρα, animals with hairy tails, horse, ass, &c., 11, 16, 19, 30. Λὺγξ, Lynx, Felis Lynx, 28, 29, 102. Λύκιος, a kind of Jackdaw or chough, Corvus monedula, C. pyrrocorax, 248. Λύκος, wolf, Canis lupus, 6, 29; reproduction, 103, 161, 177; eats grass and earth, 204; Egyptian, 226; attacks the ass, bull, and fox, 232; near the lake Mæotis, 254. Λύκος, a kind of spider, Aranea tarantula, Strack, 259. Λύρα, a fish, Trigla Lyra, 95. Μ Μαῖα, a crustacean, Maia Squinado, 77, 81, 217. Μαινὶς, sprat or sardine, Sparus mœna, μαινίδια, 157, 158, 159; when the males are called tragi, 228; gregarious, 234. Μαλάκια, the class of cephalopod mollusks, one species which occupies a shell is probably Camarina mediterranea, Spratt's Lycia, 8, 10, 19, 73, 87; reproduction, 105, 110, 121, 154; why they imbibe water, 196; carnivorous, 198, 199; best for food when they have ova, 228. Μαλακοκρανεὺς, perhaps Loxia pyrrhula, Schneider, 248. Μαλακόστρακα, crustaceans, 10, 73, 77; reproduction, 106, 120; imbibe water, 196; omnivorous, 198; best for food when they have ova, 228. Μαρίνος, a sea-fish, 159, 218. Μαρτιχόρα, a fabulous animal, 30. Μελαγκόρυφος, probably blackcap, Parus ater, or Muscicarpa atricapilla, 202; food, eggs, nest and tongue, 246; in the autumn called Sycalis, 276. Μελαναίετος, called also lagophonos, an eagle, Aquila melanaetus, Falco fulvus, 251. Μελανοῦρος, a sea-fish, Sparus melanurus, 199. Μελεαγρὶς, Guinea fowl, Meleagris Numidica, 139. Μελίλωτος, plant, Melilotus officinalis, 266. Μέλιττα, bee, Apis mellifica, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 64, 88, 89, 93, 95; they sleep, 98; larva are called nymphæ, 124; reproduction, 127; drones, chiefs, also called mothers and kings, 28; three kinds of bees, ib.; life, 130; white bees in plants, and other kinds, ib.; food, 208; hybernate, 213; change their skins, 216; diseases, 225; industry, 258; habits, 260. Μεμβρὰς, an inferior kind of anchovy, Clupea sardina, 158. Μέροψ, bee-eater, Merops Apiaster, L. or Congener, L. 138, 245, 265. Μηδικὴ, a plant, medick grass, Medicago sativa, 71, 207, 268. Μήκων, a gregarious fish, 234. Μήκων, plant, poppy, 268. Μηλολόνθη, cockchafer, Melolonthus aurata, 9, 88, 89, 125. Μήρυξ, a fish like the Scarus, said to ruminate, Scarus Cretensis, 279. Μίλτος, vermilion, 139. Μίτυς, a substance used by bees to cover crevices in their hives, 261. Μόρμυρος, a sea-fish, Sparus mormyrus, 159. Μόρφνος, another name of the plangus, Falco nævius, 251. Μυγαλῆ, shrew mouse, Sorex araneus, 223. Μυῖα, house fly, Musca domestica, 9, 83, 89; reproduction, 106, 108, 126; omnivorous, 208. Μύξων, a sea fish, perhaps some kind of mullet, 109, 159. Μυοθῆραι ὄφεις, serpents that hunt mice, attacked by the weasel, 238. Μύραινα, sea-lamprey, Muræna helena, Strack, 8, 37, 40, 61; reproduction, 103, 109; food, 199; near the shore, 211; hybernates, 213; seizes the conger by the tail, 235. Μύρινος or Μαρίνος, a sea-fish, 218. Μύρμηξ, ant, Formica, 4; winged and wingless, 73, 93, 108; reproduction, 131; industry, 258, 260. Μυῤῥίνη, myrtle, Myrtus communis, 266, 268. Μῦς, mouse, Mus musculus. The Egyptian kind is probably Hierax, those said to walk on two feet are the Jerboa. The Pontic kind said to ruminate. Mus Citillus, Schneider, 5, 50; reproduction, 178; Persian, Egyptian, and many other kinds, ib.; manner of drinking, 205; white mice in Pontus, 216; Arabian mice, 226; Lybian, ib.; the Pontic mouse is said to ruminate, 278. Μῦς, a bivalve mollusk, perhaps Mitylus, 82. Μυστίκητος, a whale, Balæna mysticetus, 64. Balænopterus musculus or Boops. Μύωψ, horse-fly or gad-fly, Tabanus Cæcutiens, T. pluvialis, 9, 83, 89; origin, 126; death, 127; sucks blood, 208. Ν Νάρκη, torpedo, Raia Torpedo, 37, 40, 104; reproduction and young, 109, 150, 151; habits, 275. Ναυτίλος, cephalopod, the species adhering to its shell is probably the Nautilus Pompilius, another species Argonauta Argo, Owen in Cyclopædia of Anatomy, 76, 258. Νεβρίαι γαλεοὶ, dog-fish, Squalus catulus, 149. Νεβρὸς, fawn, 71. Νεβροφόνος, a name of the pygargus, 251. Νεκύδαλος, the larva of the silkworm, Bombyx, 124. Νηρίτης, different littoral trochi, Trochus, Nerita, Haliotis, 85, 86, 94, 117, 118. Νῆττα, duck, Anas Boschas, 45, 203. Νηττοφόνος or Μόρφνος, 251; a name of the plangus. Νισσαΐοι ἵπποι, Nisæan horses, 278. Νυκτερὶς, bat, Vespertilio, 4, 9, 50. Νυκτικόραξ, Ardea Nycticorax, Marabu, 45, 201, 210, 252. Ξ Ξιφίας, sword-fish, Xiphias gladius, 38, 40, 219. Ξυλοφθόρος, insects in wood, Phryganea, Tinea graminella, 136. Ο Ὄζολις, a cephalopod mollusk, the same as bolitæna, 76. Οἰνάνθη, the flower of the vine, 121. Οἰνάνθη, probably the name of some dark-coloured bird, 276. Οἰνὰς, a wild pigeon, Columba migratoria, Strack, C. œnas, 111, 138, 203. Ὄϊς, sheep, Ovis aries, 72; different kinds, 208. Οἶστρος, gad fly, Tabanus corvinus, 3, 9, 83, 89; origin, 125; a blood sucker, 208; the marine species probably refers to certain parasites on fish, Lernæa brachialis, Phalangium balænarum, 135, 208, 212, 219. Οἶστρος, a bird, perhaps Motacilla sibilatrix, or Trochilus, 202. Ὁλοθούριον, probably an alga Spongodium, Spratt's Lycia, Holothuria or Salpa, 4. Ὄνος, ass, Equus Asinus, 27, 31, 39, 68, 70; not infested with lice or ticks, 135; reproduction, 113, 163, 171; food and drink, 207; diseases, 224; a foe to the Ægithus, 232; eats thorns, 233. Ὄνος ὁ ἄγριος, the wild ass, 178; in Epirus, 71; the Indian ass, perhaps Rhinoceros, 28. Ὄνος, fish, perhaps Raia squatina, Strack, Gadus mustela, 214, 255. Ὄνος, woodlouse, Oniscus asellus, 135. Ὀρεινὸς, a species of titmouse, Parus Ater, 202. Ὀρειπέλαργος, Grypaetus Barbatus, Strack, 251. Ὀρεὺς, mule, 5, 11, 27, 31, 39; females and reproduction, 163, 172, 173; food and drink, 207. Ὀρίγανος, plant, Origanum, 238. Ὄρκυς, a large kind of tunny, Scomber ala longa, 109. Ὄρνις, domestic fowl, see ἀλεκτόρις and ἀλεκτρυὼν. Ὄροβος, tares, Orobus, Ervum ervilia, 71, 191. Ὀρόσπιζος, mountain finch, Fringilla montifringilla, Strack, 202. Ὀρσοδάκνη, an insect that eats the buds of plants, Chrysomela oleracea, 126. Ὀρτυγομήτρα, perhaps Land rail, Rallus Crex, 210. Ὄρτυξ, quail, Coturnix Vulgaris, 40, 45; nest, 146, 240; migration, 210; does not perch on trees, 242. Ὄρυξ, Nilghau, Antilope picta, or Antilope Oryx, 27. Ὀρφὸς, a sea fish, perhaps Scorpæna porcus, Spratt's Lycia, 109, 199, 211, 214. Ὀρχιλος, a bird, Charadrius minor, 232. Ὀστρακόδερμα, testaceous mollusca, 8, 10, 13, 73, 81; reproduction, 110, 115, 117; compared with plants, 195; hybernate, 213; best for food when they have ova, 228. Ὄστρεον, oyster, 3, 10, 117; different kinds, 73; origin, 117; have an anus, 198; τά ὀστρεώδη, testacea, 228. Ὄστρειον, the shell used by painters, 118. Οὖραξ, Otis houbara, 139. Οὖς θαλάττιον, sea ear, perhaps Haliotis, 84. Ὀφίδιον, a small serpent, found in the plant silphium, 227; a small serpent, Coluber ammodytes, or C. Æsculapii, Strack, ib.; an Indian serpent, whose bite is fatal, ib. Ὄφις, serpent, 5; winged serpent in Æthiopia, perhaps Draco volans, 9; a horned serpent in Egypt, Coluber cerastes, 28; water-serpents, Coluber natrix, 10, 35, 38, 43, 44, 46, 49, 60; marine serpents, Muræna ophis, or Ammodytes tobianus, Strack, 38, 255; there are many kinds. Their hissing, 96; the female larger, 100; reproduction, 103, 137; change their skin, 121, 216; omnivorous, 204; hybernate, 213; a large kind in Lybia, Boa constrictor, 226; the blind serpent, Anguis fragilis, 223. Ὄφριος, Labrus Anthia, 109. Π Πάγουρος, probably the common hermit-crab, Pagurus Bernhardi, 77. Πανθὴρ, panther, Felis Panthera, 177. Παρδάλια, 34; perhaps the spots on the Leopard's skin: an unknown animal, L. and S. Lex. Παρδαλίαγχες, a plant poisonous to the Leopard, perhaps aconite, Doronicum pardalianches, or aconitum Napellus, 238. Πάρδαλις, Leopard, Felis Leopardus, 5, 27, 29, 30; Asiatic, 226; the female more bold than the male, 230; hunts by scent, 238. Πάρδαλος, a bird, perhaps Sturnus Vulgaris, Starling. Tringa Squaratola, Strack, 248. Πάρδιον, see ἱππάρδιον, Giraffe. Πελαργὸς, stork, Ardea Ciconia, 203, 215; when wounded applies origanum to its wounds, 238; said to be fed by its young, 245. Πελειὰς, a kind of dove, distinct from περίστερα, 111; migratory, 210. Πελεκᾶν, Pelecan, Pelecanus onocrotalus, migrates from the Strymon, 209; gregarious, 210; eats shell-fish, 243. Πέλλος, black heron, Ardea cinerea, 233, 247. Πέρδιξ, partridge, Perdix cinerea, and rufa, Tetrao Perdix and Græcus, 5, 45, 47, 96; reproduction, 106, 139, 140, 141, 148; nest, incubation, habits, 138, 240, 241, 242; life, 145, 240; eats snails, 255; dusts itself, 277. Περιστερὰ, House-dove, Columba, 4, 5, 39, 45; differs from πελειὰς, 111; reproduction, ib., 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145; food, 202; not migratory, 210; habits, 239, 240; those used for lures are blinded, 240; wash and dust themselves, 277. Περιστοειδῆ, the class of pigeon-like birds, 111, 144, 202. Πέρκη, perch, Perca fluviatilis, 38, 44, 155, 214. Περκνόπτερος, dusky eagle, Vultur percnopterus or Gypaietos barbatus, or Falco barbatus, 251. Πέρκος, grey hawk, Falco subbuteo, 253. Πέρνης or πτερνὶς, a kind of hawk. Πεύκη, pine tree, 126. Πήγανον, rue, Ruta graveolens, 238. Πηλαμὶς, a tunny fish of a year old, Scomber Thynnus, 4; reproduction, 108; where found, 109; the tunny a year older than the pelamys, 157, 160; migrate to the Pontus, 211; gregarious, 235. Πηνέλοψ, a kind of duck, Anas Penelope, 203. Πηνίον, some species of larva, Phalænæ geometræ, 124. Πιθηκοειδῆ, the ape tribe, 26. Πίθηκος, ape, Simia Sylvanus, 32. Πίκρις, a bitter herb, endive, Chicorium intybus, or Helminthia Echionella, 238. Πίννα, the genus Pinna, 82, 117, 118, 195. Πιννοθήρης or πιννοτήρης, and πιννοφύλαξ, small crustaceans living in shells and sponges, Pinnotheres veterum, 117. Πίπος, πίπρα, πιπὼ, woodpecker, Picus viridis, major, minor, 202, 232, 248. Πισσόκηρος, bees' wax, 261. Πίφηξ or πίφιγξ, Alauda trivialis, 234. Πλάγγος, a species of eagle, Aquila albicilla, 251. Πλόμος or φλόμος, mullein, Verbascum thapsus, fatal to fish, 220. Πλωτοὶ, certain fish, as the cestreus and labrax, 153, 228, 256, 273; also of birds, 35. Πνεύμων, a marine animal of low organization, 118. Πόα Μηδικὴ and Συρία, Medicago sativa, and lupulina, 268. Ποικιλὶς, perhaps Fringilla Carduelis or Œnanthe, 232. Πολύπους, Octopus, Spratt's Lycia, Sepia octopodia, a small variegated kind, has not been determined, Owen, 9, 73, 74, 76; several kinds, 73, 258; reproduction, 105, 110, 121; destroys the lobster, 198; is destroyed by the conger, ib.; food, 199; when good for food, 228; ink, 75, 257; changes its colour, ib.; grows lean, ib.; goes upon shore, 258. Πορφύρα, Murex trunculus, Spratt's Lycia, and probably some other shells, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 94; time of appearance, 110, 115, 116, 117; several kinds, 116, 117; said to obtain the purple from Algæ, 155; carnivorous, 200; hybernates, 213, 220, 256. Πορφυρίων, a bird with a long neck, Fulica porphyrion, Strack, 45, 206. Πράσιον, a species of alga, perhaps Caulerpa prolifera, Spratt's Lycia, 199. Πρασοκουρὶς, a grub which destroys leeks, Clerus apiarius, 126. Πρέσβυς, the same as Trochilus, wren, 232, 244. Πρημάδες, a kind of tunny, 214. Πρίστις, perhaps the saw-fish, Squalus pristis, Strack, 152. Πρόβατον, sheep, Ovis aries, 27, 29; black lambs, 64, 66, 67; in Epirus, 71, 72; voice of the ram, 96; dreams, 97; reproduction, 112, 113, 163, 164, 165; sheep-ticks, 134; food, 208; acorns injurious to sheep, 222; diseases, 223; Syrian sheep, 225; Egyptian, 226; habits, 235; hostile to bees, 261; ruminate, 279. Πρὸξ, roe deer, Cervus Capriolus, 39, 58, 67. Πτελέα, elm, Ulmus campestris, 206. Πτερνὶς, a species of hawk, 253. Πτὺγξ, or πώϋξ, a water-bird, 244. Πύγαργος, a kind of eagle, perhaps Circus Cyaneus, hen harrier, 146, 250; also a water-bird, perhaps Tringa Ocrophus, L. Schneider, 203, 244. Πυγολαμπὶς, glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca, 73, 125. Πυραλὶς, a bird, enemy of the turtle dove, 232. Πυραύστης, a moth, Tinea mellonella, Strack, 225. Πυῤῥούλας, a red bird, Loxia pyrrula, or enucleator, 202. Πώϋξ, a bird living in marshes, Ardea purpurea, 247. Ρ Ῥαφάνος, cabbage or radish, 124. Ῥητίνη, resin, 248. Ῥίνη, a species of shark, Squalus Squatina, Strack, 49; reproduction, 103, 108, 109, 150, 151; mode of taking its prey, 255; changes its colour, 257. Ῥινόβατης, Raia rhinobatus, a cartilaginous fish, 151. Ῥυάδες, fish that swim in shoals, 93, 109, 159, 211, 212. Σ Σαθέριον, a kind of otter or beaver, Lutra Luteola, Strack, 205. Σαλαμάνδρα, salamander, Lacerta Salamandra, 126. Σάλπη, the genus Scomber, Strack, Sparus Salpa, 92; reproduction, 108, 109, 159; food, 201; lives in bays of the sea, 211; is not carnivorous, 256. Σανδαράκη, red sulphuret of arsenic, 223; bee bread, 264. Σαπείριον, σαπήριον or σατύριον, a plant, probably an orchid, Satyrian, 205. Σαπερδὶς, a fresh-water fish, perhaps Accipenser hugo, 229. Σαργῖνος, the sardine, migratory, Tetragonus niger, 231. Σὰργος, Sparus sargus, Strack, a sea-fish, 108, 109, 159, 200. Σατύριον, Sorex moschatus, 205. Σαῦρα, Lizard, generic name, 5, 8, 25, 34, 35, 36, 39, 43, 44; reproduction, 103, 137; life, 204; hybernates, 213; change of skin, 216; Arabian lizards, 225, 252. Σαύρος, Salmo Saurus, marine, 234. Σειρῆν, a kind of wild bee or wasp, Megachile muraria, 260. Σελάχη, the class of cartilaginous fishes, 7, 8, 14, 37, 38, 59, 60, 66; description of the class, 46, 48; sleep, 98; kinds, 99, 104; reproduction, 103, 149, 160; carnivorous, 199; marine, 211; hybernate, 214; male and female, 257. Σελαχοείδεις, cartilaginous fishes, 44, 95, 104, 214. Σέσελις, an umbelliferous plant, Seseli tortuosum, 236. Σηπία, Sepia officinalis, Spratt's Lycia, cuttle-fish, 7, 9, 10, 73, 74, 75, 80, 83, 93; reproduction, 105, 110, 120, 123, 125, 154; food, 199; the male protects the female when wounded, 231; emission of the ink, 257; said to change its colour, ib. Σὴς, various kinds of moths in clothes, in beehives, in books, 135. Σικύη, a kind of long gourd, 246. Σικύος, gourd or cucumber, Cucurbita lagenaria, 206. Σίλφη, a stinking insect, Blatta orientalis, or Lepisma, Strack, 216. Σίλφιον, a plant, perhaps Assafœtida, Laserpitium, or Thapsus Silphium, 227. Σινόδων, or συνόδων, a carnivorous fish, Tetraodon hispidus, or mola, or Sparus dentex, Strack, T. lineatus, 199, 200, 211, 234. Σίττη, a kind of woodpecker, or perhaps Sitta Europœa, creeper, 233, 247. Σιττάκη or ψιττάκη, parrot, Psittacus erithacus. Σκάρος, a sea-fish, supposed by the ancients to ruminate, Scarus oretius, Spratt's Lycia, S. cretensis, Strack, 37; has not sharp teeth, 38, 44; food, 199; appears to ruminate, 200, 256, 278. Σκίαινα, a sea-fish, Sciæna nigra, Strack, S. cirrhosa, 218. Σκίλλη, Scilla maritima, 133. Σκολόπαξ, perhaps the woodcock, Scolopax rusticola, 242. Σκολόπενδρα, Scolopendra morsitans, Centipede, 8; the marine kinds Nereis or Aphrodite, A. aculeata, 38, 88, 255. Σκομβρίας, σκόμβρος, fish allied to the tunny, mackerel, Scomber sarda, 109, 160, 210, 212, 235. Σκορδύλη or κορδύλη, the young tunny, 160. Σκορπίος, Scorpio Europæus, 89, 131, 135, 227. Σκορπίος, a sea-fish, Cottus Scorpius, Strack, 44, 108, 211. Σκορπὶς, a sea-fish, Scorpæna porcus, 109. Σκορπιῶδες, a small creature in books, Phalangium Cancroides, 89, 135. Σκυλίον, dog-fish, Squalus Stellaris, S. canicula, 149, 151. Σκύλλαρος or κύλλαρος, a kind of hermit-crab, 85. Σκωλήκιον, a worm that eats wood, 136; a small intestinal worm in fish, 159; an insect in honey-combs, 266. Σκώληξ, worm, especially the earthworm, 8, 123. Σκὼψ, the screech-owl, Strix Scops, Strix Otus, 201, 249. Σμαρὶς, a poor sea-fish, Sparus smaris, 228. Σμύξον, see μύξων. Σμύραινα, see μύραινα. Σμύρος, see μύρος. Σπάρος, a sea-fish, Sparus Maina, Strack, 44. Σπάρτον, a shrub, broom, Genista, Stipa tenacissima, 266. Σπάταγος, Spatangus, sea-egg, 86. Σπίζα, finch, Fringilla, 35; eats worms, 202; habitation, 240. Σπιζίας, sparrow-hawk, Falco Nisus, 201, 253. Σπιζίτης, a kind of titmouse, Parus ater or major, 202. Σπόγγος, sponge, Spongia officinalis, 3; growth, 118; three kinds, ib.; very like a plant, 195; pores in sponges, 246. Σπονδύλη or σφονδύλη, probably a kind of beetle, living in the roots of plants, Carabus, 107, 223, 252. Σταφυλῖνος, an insect like the Sphondyle, Staphylinus murinus, 223. Στρόμβος, Turbinated shells, Helix, Turbo, &c., 13, 85, 86, 118. Στρομβώδη, univalve mollusks, 85, 86; on land and marine, 84; have an operculum, 117. Στρουθὸς, sparrow, Fringilla domestica, 40, 45, 64, 102; eats worms, 202; the hens are said to live longer, 240; compared with the Halcyon, 245; washes and dusts itself, 277; in Lybia, ostrich, Struthiocamelus, 246. Στρουθὸς, a flat fish, Pleuronectes passer, 40. Στύραξ, the gum storax, Storax officinalis, 93. Συκαλὶς, fig-pecker, Italian beccafico, the melancoryphus in its summer plumage, Motacilla Atricapilla, or Parus ater, Strack, Sylvia fidecula, 202, 276. Συκάμινον, the fruit of the mulberry tree, 221. Σῦκα, figs, used for feeding swine, 206, 221. Συκῶν κάμπαι, a caterpillar in figs, 126. Σύμφυτον, a plant, Symphytun officinale, comfrey, or gypsophila arundinacea, 245. Συναγρὶς, a fish, Sparus dentex, 37, 40. Συρία πόα, a plant loved by bees, 268. Σῦς, swine, Sus scropha, no wild swine in Libya, 225; the domestic pig eats snails, 255. Σφαῖραι θαλάττιαι, a species of zoophyte, perhaps Alcyonia, 246. Σφήξ, wasp, Vespa vulgaris, V. tectorum, V. crabro, generic name, 3, 4, 88, 89; larva, 124; a kind called ichneumon, Ammophila sabulosa, 127, 130; a diligent insect, 258; the annual wasp, 260; hostile to bees, 265, 267; two species, 268. Σφύραινα, a gregarious sea-fish, Esox sphyræna, 234. Σχοίνικλος or σχοινίων, a water-bird, Emberiza Schœniclus L. Schneider, 203, 234. Σχοινίων, Sylvia arundinacea, 234. Σωλὴν, Solen, Soleneuntus trigillatus, Spratt's Lycia, 82, 94, 117, 118, 195. Τ Ταινία, a long thin fish, probably Cepola tænia, Strack, 37. Ταινίαι πλατείαι, flat entozoa, 238. Ταπύνος, see τύμπανος. Ταῦρος, bull, Bos taurus, 48, 67, 68, 168; horns, 100; fierce in the breeding season, 161; bulls fight together, 163. Ταὼς, peacock, Pavo cristatus, 6; barren eggs, reproduction, 140, 148. Τενθρηδὼν, a kind of bee or wasp, Apis terrestris, Strack, makes honey, 260; reproduction, 271. Τερηδὼν, a caterpillar in bee-hives, 225. Τέτριξ, a species of grouse, Tetrac tetrix, or Otis tetrix, Strack, 138, 139. Τεττιγομήτρα, the edible larva of the locust or grasshopper, 134. Τεττιγόνιον, a small kind of grasshopper, 90, 133. Τέττιξ, grasshopper, Cicada orni, 90; several kinds, 95; origin, 123; reproduction, 133; Cecropis Spumarius, 134; changes its skin, 216; not found in Milesia and Cephalenia, 225. Τευθὶς, Loligo vulgaris, Owen, 9, 10, 74, 75; reproduction, 105, 123; food, 177; its ink, 257. Τεῦθος, Loligo media, 10, 74, 75, 123; perhaps incorrectly in 234 as the name of a gregarious fish. Τήθυα, Ascidian mollusks, Ascidia phlusa, Strack, 82, 87, 94, 117; fleshy nature of their body, 195. Τίγρις, Tiger, Felis tigris, the Indian dogs are said to be crossed with the tiger, 227. Τίλλων, a fresh-water fish, Cyprinus brama, 156, 220. Τίφαι, grass or straw used as food for swine, Secale, 221. Τράγος, the he-goat, voice, 96, 161, 175. Τράγος, the male of the fish mænis, Sparus Maina, Strack, 228. Τρίγλη, Red mullet, Spratt's Lycia, Mullus surculentus, Strack, 44, 108; suffers from parasites, 135; season of reproduction, 159; gregarious, ib., 234; can bury itself, 200; lives near the land, 211; in estuaries, ib.; not carnivorous, 256; in season in the autumn, 257. Τριόρχης, Buzzard, Buteo vulgaris, 201; eats toads and serpents, 232; the first genus of the hawks, 253. Τριχὰς, Fieldfare or thrush, Turdus trichias, Strack, T. pilaris, 248. Τριχίας or τριχὶς, a small kind of fish, or spawn, Clupea Sprattus, 108, 158, 212. Τροχίλος, Sylvia trochilus, Strack, also called Presbys, and Basileus, perhaps the wren, Sylvia troglodytes, S. regulus, 203, 233; also a bird living by the sea, charadrius Egyptiacus, 203; picks the teeth of the crocodile, 238; hates the eagle, 232. Τρύγγας, perhaps Tringa ochropodes, Schneider, T. vanellus, 203, 244. Τρυγὼν, Turtle dove, Columba turtur, the smallest of the dove tribe, 111; young and eggs, 138, 145, 240; food, 202; migrates, 210; hybernates, 215; an enemy to the pyrallis, but killed by the chloreus, 232; friendly with the cottyphus, 234; life, 240; habitation, ib.; perhaps Psophila crepitans, or Rallus crex, 277. Τρυγὼν, a sea-fish, Raia pastinaca, 8, 104, 149, 211; method of taking its prey, 255. Τρυγὼν, some oviparous quadruped, 103. Τύραννος, golden-crested wren, Motacilla Regulus, 202. Τυφλίνης, blind worm, Lacerta Apus, Schneider, 154, 223. Υ Ὕαινα, Hyæna Striata, 176; also called γλάνος, 204. Ὑβρὶς, a night bird of prey, 244. Ὕδρος, a water-serpent, Coluber natrix, 3, 44. Ὑπαίετος, a kind of eagle, also written γυπαίετος, 252. Ὕπερα, a kind of caterpillar, Geometra, 124. Ὑπολαΐς, hedge sparrow, Sylvia hortensis or curruca, 147, 202, 249. Ὑποτριόρχης, buzzard, 253, see τριόρχης. Ὕς, swine, Sus scropha, 26; with single hoof in Pœonia, 27, 29; boar, 31, 32; swine, 35, 42, 46, 66; heats, 69; voice, 96; sow, is without tusks, 100; reproduction, 107, 112, 114, 135, 162, 163; domestic swine, 164; μετάχοιρα, 173; they dig up the runs of mice, 178; eat roots, 206; how fattened, ib.; diseases, 221; swine in Mount Athos, 227; killed by scorpions, ib.; devour serpents, 233; gelding of sows, 278. Ὓς ἄγριος, the wild boar, 5, 26, 161, 174. Ὕστριξ, porcupine, Hystrix cristata, 138; compared with the bear, 175; hybernates, 215; throws out its quills, 260. Φ Φαβοτύπος, a kind of hawk, Falco palumbarius, 201. Φάγρος, a sea-fish, Sparus pagrus, 211, 218. Φαλάγγιον, a kind of spider, Phalangium, Aranea Tarantula, 100, 107, 121, 123; reproduction, 132; patient of hunger, 204; hostile to the ichneumon, 232; several kinds described, 258, 259. Φάλαγξ, a spider, 231. Φάλαινα, whale, Physeter Chacalotus, Strack, P. macrocephalus, 8, 69, 152; respiration, 196. Φαλαρὶς, coot, Fulica atra, 203. Φαληρικὴ ἀφύη, some kind of spawn, 158. Φασιανὸς, pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus, 134, 139, 277. Φασσοφόνος, a hawk, probably the same as φαβοτύπος, 253. Φάττα, a kind of pigeon, Columba palumbus, 45, 47; the largest of the pigeon kind, 111; reproduction and eggs, 138, 144, 145, 147, 202; migrates, 210; sometimes hybernates, 215; likes drought, 217; mode of drinking, 240; habits, ib.; does not coo in winter, 276. Φὰψ, a kind of dove, Columba livia, the male and female incubate by turns, 147, 202, 240; nest, 249. Φήνη, perhaps the osprey, Vultur ossifragus, Buffon, nurses the young of the eagle, 146; its food and shape, 201, 251. Φθείρ, louse, Pediculus capitis and P. pubis, κόνις, nit, 120, 134; in birds, ib.; in fish, Lernea, 97, 135; in the fish chalcis, 220. Φθείρα, a fish that follows the dolphin, Centronotus, 135. Φλέως, a water plant, Poterium spinosum, 266. Φοινοκούρος, redstart, Sylvia Phœnicurus, 276; in winter called ἐρίθακος. Φοξῖνος, a river fish, Cyprinus phoxinus, Strack, 153, 155. Φρύνη, toad, Bufo vulgaris, 39, 87; eaten by the buzzard, 232; injurious to bees, 265. Φρυνολόχος, a kind of hawk, perhaps the buzzard, 253. Φυκίον, fucus, sea-weed, 122, 125, 154, 199, 200, 255. Φυκὶς, a fish living on sea-weed, Gobius niger, 154; food, 200; changes its colour, and is the only fish that makes nests, 228. Φύκος, fucus, 154, 158, 218, 220. Φώκαινα, porpoise, Delphinus Phocæna, 152, 212. Φώκη, seal, Phoca vitulina, P. monachus, 4, 7, 14, 22, 25, 26, 30, 39, 44, 69; reproduction and habits, 103, 152, 153, 196; food, 205; fight together, 231. Φωλὶς, a fish enclosing itself in mucus, 256; Blennius pholis, Strack. Φὼρ, a kind of bee, the thief, 259. Χ Χάλαξα, Hydatids in swine, 221. Χαλκεὺς, a fish, Dory, Zeus Faber, Strack, 95. Χαλκὶς, a lizard, with a bright stripe on its back, Lacerta chalcides, 223. Χαλκὶς, a bird, the same as κύμινδις, Stryx flammea, Strack, 244. Χαλκὶς, a fish, perhaps Mugil auratus, Spratt's Lycia, Clupea picta, 108, 155, 156, 256. Χαλκῖτις λίθος, lime stone, 126. Χάννη, or χάνη, a fish with a wide mouth, Perca cabrilla, 99, 153; food, 199; marine, 211. Χαραδριὸς, lapwing or curlew, Charadrius œdicnemus, Schneider, 203, 243. Χελιδὼν, swallow, Hirundo urbica and rustica, 4, 40, 45, 64; reproduction and nests, 111, 138, 145, 239; eat animal food, 202; migration, 215; kill bees, 265. Χελιδὼν, flying fish, 95; Exocetus volitans. Χέδροπες, leguminous plants, 205. Χέλων, or χάλλων, a fish like the cestreus, 109, 159, 199. Χελώνη, the river tortoise, Testudo orbicularis and Europæa, 34, 39, 41, 42, 46, 65, 84, 87, 96; reproduction, 103, 104, 123; marine, Chelonia cephalo, 196; lives on shell-fish and sea-weed, 198; does not change its skin, 216, 238. Χήμη, a large bivalve shell, Chama, 117. Χὴν, goose, Anser domesticus and Anas segetum, 6, 27, 45, 47; gosling, 140, 141; incubation, 146, 147; different kinds, 203, 210. Χηναλώπηξ, an Egyptian goose, Anas tadorna, Strack, 140, 203. Χίμαιρα, probably the she goat, 72. Χλωρεὺς, perhaps the same as χλωρίων, a foe to the woodpecker, and kills the turtle dove, Falco lanarius, 232. Χλωρὶς, Motacilla fitis, or Loxia chloris, Strack, eats worms, 202; shape, eggs, nest, 245, 249. Χλωρίων, perhaps oriole, Oriolus galbula, Strack, attacks the blackbird, 233, 248. Χοιροπίθηκος, ape, Simia rostrata, S. porcaria, 34. Χρὲμψ, a fish joined with labrax, 92. Χρόμις, a sea-fish, Sciæna nigra, 92, 94, 108, 218. Χρυσομήτρις, a bird (thistle finch), Fringilla serinus, 202. Χρύσοφρυς, Sparus aurata L., 8, 44; sleeps, 98; reproduction, 109, 160; food, 200; near the shore, 211; in estuaries, ib.; hybernates, 214; impatient of cold, 218. Χύμινδις, the same as χαλκις, 244. Χυτοὶ, fish that swim in shoals, 109. Ψ Ψάρος, starling, Sturnus vulgaris, 215, 249. Ψὴν, gall insect, Cynips psenes, 136. Ψήττα, a flat fish, Pleuronectes lingua and Rhombus, and maxima, 99, 109, 255. Ψιττάκη, Parrot, Psittacus erithacus, 211. Ψύλλα, flea, Pulex irritans, 134; a kind of spider, Salticus scenicus, 259. Ψύλλος, parasites on fish, Talitrus locusta, 97. Ψυχὴ, butterfly, Papilio, 89, 102, 123. Ω Ὠτὶς, bustard, Otis tarda, 45, 102; incubation, 147, 252. Ὠτὸς, horned owl, Strix otus, 210, 252. Ὦχροι, a kind of pulse, useful to bees, Pisum sativum, 268.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

[1] Beaver, Castor fiber.

[2] Medusa, or perhaps Actinia, or both.

[3] Under the class ἔντομα are probably included all annulose animals.

[4] Some words appear to be lost in this place.

[5] Tabanus, gad-fly.

[6] Perhaps some species of Zoophyte.

[7] Cephalopods.

[8] Perhaps Sand martin.

[9] Swift.

[10] Some migratory fish.

[11] A kind of tunny, still called palamyde at Marseilles.

[12] A kind of tunny, Les Bonitons (Camus.)

[13] The words in brackets should probably be excluded from the text.

[14] Fibres and serum, as compared with veins and blood, refer to the circulation in animals without red blood.

[15] Palinurus, Spiny Lobster.

[16] Cartilaginous fishes.

[17] Squalus galeus.

[18] Raia batos.

[19] Sparus auratus.

[20] Perca labrax.

[21] Lophius piscatorius and also L. barbatus.

[22] Silurus glanis, L. (Strack).

[23] Probably some kind of flying squirrel.

[24] Herodotus, ii. 76; "the form of this serpent is similar to that of the water-snake; its wings are not feathered, but like those of bats:" the draco volans may have given rise to this story.

[25] The Echinidæ.

[26] Animals with long hair on their tails.

[27] Ginnus is the offspring of a mule and mare. Book vi. 24, 1.

[28] Hemionus, perhaps the foal of a horse and wild ass, and so distinct from oreus, the foal of the he-ass and mare.

[29] This mistake is again repeated in Ch. xiii.

[30] Eustachian tube.

[31] Perhaps Nylghau (Liddel and Scott's Lexicon), or some large kind of Stag.

[32] Cameleopard. (Schneider.)

[33] Gazelle or antelope, so named from the brightness of its eyes.

[34] Antelope Oryx.

[35] Coa, the highest throw with the Astragalus with the convex side uppermost, opposed to Chia, the lowest throw, sixes and aces.

[36] Simia rostrata, or perhaps baboon. (The identifications of the animals, unless otherwise noted, are taken from the German translation by Strack, 1816.)

[37] Jynx torquilla, wry-neck.

[38] Fringilla, finch.

[39] Perhaps Corvus galgulus.

[40] Mugil, mullet.

[41] Muræna anguilla.

[42] Perhaps Cepola tænia.

[43] Raia torpedo.

[44] Raia batos.

[45] The shark tribe.

[46] Lophius piscatorius.

[47] Perhaps Cottus cataphractus.

[48] Muræna conger.

[49] Scarus cretensis.

[50] Swordfish or sturgeon (L. and S. Lexicon), or Centriscus scolopax.

[51] A variegated fish.

[52] Perca fluviatilis.

[53] Silurus glanis.

[54] Cyprinus carpis, Carp.

[55] Xiphias gladius, Swordfish.

[56] Nereis, or aphrodite.

[57] Echeneis remora.

[58] Falco milvus.

[59] Falco palurabarius.

[60] Stryx otus.

[61] Testudo coriacea.

[62] Cervus elaphus.

[63] Cervus capreolus, or C. Dama.

[64] Possibly Œstras nasalis.

[65] Squalus squatina.

[66] Raia batos.

[67] Syngnathus acus.

[68] Squalus zygæna.

[69] Uranoscopus scaber.

[70] A kind of marked scomber, mackerel?

[71] Bos grunniens.

[72] Felis onza, perhaps also canis aureus.

[73] Crocodilus niloticus and Lacerta stellio.

[74] Gobio, gudgeon.

[75] Shark.

[76] Cottus scorpius.

[77] Probably Pleuronectes rhombus.

[78] Mullus surmulentus.

[79] Sparus maina.

[80] Theutis hepatus.

[81] Probably Gobio gozo.

[82] Sparus aurata.

[83] Three kinds of birds are called by this name. Corvus graculus, C. monedula, and Pelicanus graculus.

[84] Falco tinnunculus.

[85] Fulica porphyrion.

[86] Ardea nycticorax.

[87] Some kind of heron.

[88] Some kind of owl.

[89] Syennesis, a physician of Cyprus. Very little is known of him; he must have lived in or before the fourth century B.C.

[90] Diogenes of Apollonia was an eminent natural philosopher of Crete, in the fifth century B.C. He wrote a work, περὶ φύσεως, in which he treated of natural philosophy in the widest sense of the words: a few fragments are still extant, of which this quoted by Aristotle is the longest.

[91] Polybus, a pupil of Hippocrates, a native of the island of Cos; he lived in the fourth century B.C. Many treatises on medical subjects are attributed to him.

[92] Iliad. xiii. 546.

[93] Cervis Capreolus, or C. dama.

[94] Antilope gnou.

[95] Balæna Mysticetus.

[96] Varicose veins.

[97] Some kind of domestic goat, but not known.

[98] Herodotus, iii. c. 97, 101.

[99] The Cephalopoda.

[100] Sepia officinalis.

[101] Loligo vulgaris (Owen).

[102] Loligo media (Owen).

[103] Sepia octopodia.

[104] Köhler supposes the part called by Aristotle mytis to have been the glandular appendages on the vena cava and two visceral veins. (Owen in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy, Art. Cephalopoda.)

[105] Probably the branchia.

[106] Eledone moschata.—Leach. (Owen.)

[107] Eledone cirrosa.—Leach. (Owen.)

[108] Argonauta argo. (Owen.)

[109] This is probably the meaning of the passage. Two kinds of pectens were distinguished; the one large, hollow, and of a dark colour, the other broad and sweeter, but harsh.

[110] Nautilus Pompilius (Owen.)

[111] Palinurus, spiny lobster (Bell's crustacea).

[112] Lobster.

[113] Prawns.

[114] Crabs.

[115] Shrimp.

[116] Perhaps Prawn.

[117] Perhaps Maia squinado.

[118] Cancer paguras, Great crab.

[119] Perhaps the liver.

[120] Land snails.

[121] Marine.

[122] Bivalves.

[123] Some small land snail with a conical shell.

[124] Purpura.

[125] Whelk.

[126] Patella, limpet.

[127] Ascidians.

[128] Chama, L.

[129] Ostrea edulis.

[130] The so-called liver (Strack). Papaver (Scaliger).

[131] Hermit crab.

[132] Cancer Diogenes.

[133] Echinus esculentus.

[134] Ascidian mollusks.

[135] Actiniæ.

[136] Wild bee.

[137] Chafer.

[138] Beetle.

[139] Phalangium Cancroides. Linn. Schneider.

[140] Butterfly.

[141] Locust.

[142] Perhaps Pennatula.

[143] Perhaps Cottus gobio L., miller's thumb. Salmo Fario (Strack).

[144] Mullet.

[145] Unknown.

[146] Perca Labrax.

[147] Scomber.

[148] Unknown.

[149] A fish living in shoals.

[150] Perhaps some species of ant.

[151] Trigla Lyra.

[152] Cottus cataphractus.

[153] Zeus faber.

[154] Trigla hirundo.

[155] Flying fish.

[156] Pleuronectes Lingua and Rhombus.

[157] Perca marina, or Sparus erithrinus.

[158] Aranca tarantula.

[159] Lacerta Gekko.

[160] A beetle living at the roots of trees, Carabus.

[161] Clupea Sprottus.

[162] Coryphœna hippurus.

[163] This probably means "to such a size as might be expected from the early age of the parent."

[164] Evidently a corrupt reading.

[165] Star-fish.

[166] Actinia.

[167] Perhaps, Cancer spinosissimus.

[168] Cantharus tinctorius, a plant of the thistle kind. L. and S.

[169] The larva of some species.

[170] Some species of larva.

[171] Geometra.

[172] Ticks. Acarus ricinus.

[173] Vetches, leguminous plants.

[174] Chrysomela oleracea.

[175] Perhaps the dog rose, or sweet briar.

[176] Honeysuckle.

[177] Reed.

[178] Hornet, Apis terrestris.

[179] Apis cementaria.

[180] Cinex lectularius.

[181] Perhaps Acarus Scabiei, Itch insect.

[182] Perhaps Oniscus Ceti, or Isora.

[183] Perhaps Lernœa branchialis.

[184] Tinea pellionella, or T. sarcitella.

[185] Dumestes Pellio, and D. lardarius.

[186] Phalangium cancroides.

[187] Tinea graminella, Tinea lichenella, Tinea Xylophorus, or perhaps larva of Phryganea.

[188] Cynips Psenes.

[189] Falco tinnunculus.

[190] Tetrao tetrix or Otis tetrix.

[191] Merops apiaster.

[192] Turdus, thrush.

[193] Cuculus canorus.

[194] Numida Meleagris.

[195] Phasianus colchicus.

[196] Œnas tadorna.

[197] Eggs formed without sexual intercourse.

[198] Vultur cinereus, ossifragus, osprey.

[199] Kite.

[200] Hawk.

[201] Sylvia curucca, hedge sparrow.

[202] Dog-fish. Squalus stellaris.

[203] Squalus Acanthias.

[204] Perhaps the Sea-bream, Sparus.

[205] Perhaps Perca marina.

[206] Cyprinus Phoxinus.

[207] Mugil. Some species of mullet.

[208] Lacerta apus.

[209] Sardine.

[210] Atherine epsetos.

[211] Melanurus juvenculus.

[212] (Or perhaps) after parturition the discharge becomes thinner in consistence.

[213] Perhaps ferret, Mustela varo, or weasel.

[214] Serboa, Dipus gerbillus, or D. jaculus.

[215] The seventh book ends very abruptly, and hence it has been thought that what is now called the tenth book, in which the subject of reproduction is continued, would have its proper place here, as a continuation of the seventh. Whether a portion of the genuine work of Aristotle has been lost which would have completed the subject is another question; but there can be little doubt that the tenth book, in the form in which we have it, is no genuine work of Aristotle; some of the opinions are contrary to those which he has expressed, and the whole style and language is different from that of Aristotle. Schneider therefore has placed the tenth book at the end of the work, that he may neither entirely exclude that which in former times was considered a portion of Aristotle's treatise on Animals, nor yet allow a fictitious book to interrupt the genuine writings of his Author.

[216] Different species of pigeons and doves.

[217] Κόττυφος, Turdus merula, Strack, blackbird, but probably more than one kind of bird is included under the same name. Compare 9, 36, 2.

[218] The passage is altogether corrupt.

[219] Indigestion caused by eating barley when heated.

[220] Phrensy.

[221] Red sulphuret of arsenic.

[222] Probably assafœtida.

[223] To fight with each other.—See Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, s. v. ἀλληλομάχος.

[224] A bracket, or two year old stag.

[225] Perhaps Aconite.

[226] Spax lacerticida.—Schneider.

[227] Probably a Zoophyte, Alcyonia.

[228] This should probably be read "the bees only cease from their work for forty days during the winter solstice."

[229] A corrupt passage.

[230] To the end of this Essay are appended fragments of Archestratus, on the fishes of Sicily, amounting to 270 lines of heroic verse, together with notes, by the author of the Essay.

[231] Accidentally omitted in a list of birds in the translation.

Transcriber's Corrections:

page

original text

correction

a a

cocodiles

crocodiles

footnote anchor with no corresponding footnote

Other

"Other

off

103

quarupeds

quadrupeds

104

of of

144

lrage

large

163

intercouse

intercourse

227

footnote anchor missing

[222]

228

immemediately

immediately

240

aways

always

280

cohabition

cohabitation

322

no reference found for μύρος

323

no reference found for τύμπανος

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARISTOTLE'S HISTORY OF ANIMALS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE