FOOTNOTES
[1] F. H. H. Guillemard, Australasia, ii. (London, 1894) p. 509.
[2] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles (London, N.D.), p. 11. Compare John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands (London, 1838), pp. 16, 174-176. According to Dr. Guillemard (loc. cit.), the height of Rarotonga is 2900 feet; according to W. W. Gill, our principal authority on the island, it is 4500 feet.
[3] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles. pp. 7 sq.; id., From Darkness to Light in Polynesia (London, 1894), pp. 6 sq.; A. Baessler, Neue Südsee-Bilder (Berlin, 1900), pp. 271 sqq., 274 sqq. (as to the caverns).
[4] F. H. H. Guillemard, Australasia, ii. 509. Compare A. Baessler, Neue Südsee-Bilder, pp. 257 sq., 269. The latter writer remarks on the great variety of types among the natives of these islands. In Mangaia he found the people darker than in Rarotonga, undersized, sturdy, with thick lips, noses broad and sunken at the bridge, which gave them a somewhat wild appearance. As to the tradition of an emigration of the Hervey Islanders from Samoa, see W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 23 sqq. "The Mangaians themselves trace their origin to Avaiki, or nether world; but Avaiki, Hawai'i, and Savai'i, are but slightly different forms of one word. The s of the Samoan dialect is invariably dropped in the Hervey Group dialects, whilst a k is substituted for the break at the end. No native of these days doubts that by Avaiki his ancestors really intended Savai'i, the largest island of the Samoan Group. In Polynesia, to sail west is to go down; to sail east is to go up. To sail from Samoa to Mangaia would be 'to come up,' or, to translate their vernacular closely, 'to climb up.' In their songs and myths are many references to 'the hosts of Ukupolu,' undoubtedly the Upolu of Samoa" (W. W. Gill, op. cit. p. 25). Compare id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific (London, 1876), pp. 166 sq.
[5] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 13 sq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," Report of the Second Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science held at Melbourne, 1890, p. 324. As to the date of the introduction of Christianity into the Hervey Islands, see John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, pp. 491 sq.
[6] John Williams, op. cit. pp. 175 sq.
[7] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 12, 15; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," Report of the Second Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science held at Melbourne, 1890, p. 336.
[8] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 332 sq., 338.
[9] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, p. 16; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 335 sq.
[10] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, p. 16.
[11] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 323, 330, 331, 333.
[12] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 327-329. In the operation the prepuce was slit longitudinally, and the divided pieces were drawn underneath and twisted, so as in time to form a small knot under the urethra. As to the ceremony of assigning a child either to its father's or to its mother's tribe, see W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific (London, 1876), pp. 36 sq.
[13] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 326.
[14] John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, pp. 183 sq.
[15] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 335.
[16] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 293.
[18] In the Hervey Islands a marae seems to have been a sacred grove. So it is described by W. W. Gill (Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 14), who adds in a note: "These maraes were planted with callophylla inophylla, etc., etc., which, untouched by the hand of man from generation to generation, threw a sacred gloom over the mysteries of idol-worship. The trees were accounted sacred, not for their own sake, but on account of the place where they grew."
[19] W. W. Gill, From Darkness to Light in Polynesia, pp. 314 sq. As to the installation of the priestly king by the temporal lord, see also id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 339 sq.
[20] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 3 sqq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 348 sq. As to Rongo and Tangaroa, see E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Wellington, N.Z., 1891), pp. 424 sq., 463 sq., svv. "Rongo" and "Tangaroa."
[21] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 51-58.
[22] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 58-60.
[23] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 61-63.
[24] See above, pp. 182 sqq. , 200 sqq.
[25] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 10 sq. 19. Another god called Turanga, who was worshipped at Aumoana, was also supposed to be incarnate in white and black spotted lizards. See id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 96.
[26] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 29 sq.
[27] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 79 sq.
[28] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 349.
[29] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 347. Yet in the same passage the writer affirms that "there is no trace in the Eastern Pacific of the doctrine of transmigration of human souls, although the spirits of the dead are fabled to have assumed, temporarily, and for a specific purpose, the form of an insect, bird, fish, or cloud."
[30] Id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 289.
[31] Id., Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 96, 308, 309.
[32] Id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 96.
[33] Id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 34 sq.
[34] Id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 32.
[35] Id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 96.
[36] Id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 35; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 349.
[37] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 35; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 349.
[38] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 342. Compare id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 35.
[39] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 35; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 339; id., Life in the Southern Isles, p. 70.
[40] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 347.
[41] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 177.
[42] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 180-183; id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 171.
[43] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 181; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 344.
[44] The name of the god of the Rarotongan paradise.
[45] John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, pp. 477 sq.
[46] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 170 sq.
[47] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 72-76; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 343.
[48] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 78 sq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 344.
[49] See The Golden Bough, Part II., Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 356 sqq.
[50] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 187; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 344.
[51] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 268 sq.
[52] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 182.
[53] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 271.
[54] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 272.
[55] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 272 sq.
[56] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 273.
[57] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 269-271; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 345.
[58] W. W. Gill, "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 345.
[59] W. W. Gill, Life in the Southern Isles, pp. 71 sq. As to the settlement of a Tongan colony in Mangaia, see id., Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 287 sq. In native tradition the colonists were spoken of as "Tongans sailing through the skies" (Tongaiti-akareva-moana). Their leader was the first high-priest of the god Turanga.
[60] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 152-154.
[61] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 154.
[62] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 154 sq.
[63] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 155-157.
[64] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 157 sq.
[65] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 159 sq.
[66] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 160 sq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 346.
[67] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 161 sq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. pp. 346 sq.
[68] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 162 sq.
[69] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 163 sq.
[70] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 169 sq.; id., "Mangaia (Hervey Islands)," op. cit. p. 346.
[71] W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, p. 170; John Williams, Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, pp. 476 sq.
