Index.
Abdalmelik, the Caliph, wars of, with Justinian II., 174-6
Abubekr, the Caliph, wars of, with Heraclius, 160
Achaia, Frank principality of, 296
Acroinon, battle of, 188
Adana, taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 230
Adrianople, battle of, 40;
besieged by the Goths, 41;
captured by the Turks, 329
Africa, conquered by Belisarius, 84-5;
overrun by the Saracens, 176
Aijnadin, battle of, 162
Alaric the Goth, 47;
wars with Stilicho, 48;
departs to Italy, 49
Alaeddin, Sultan of the Seljouks, 322
Alboin the Lombard invades and conquers Italy, 116
Aleppo, Emirate of, 227;
attacked by Nicephorus Phocas, 231;
tributary to the empire, 270
Alexander, emperor-regent, 217
Alexandria, stormed by the Arabs, 166
Alexius I. (Comnenus), usurpation of, 257;
wars with the Normans, 259;
conquests of in Asia Minor, 205;
commercial policy of, 268
Alexius II. (Comnenus), short reign and murder of, 272
Alexius III. (Angelus), usurpation of, 278;
attacked by the Crusaders, 282;
flies, 284
Alexius IV. (Angelus), takes refuge in Germany, 279;
persuades the Crusaders, 280;
made emperor, 284;
murdered, 285
Alexius V. (Ducas), murders Alexius IV., 285;
defends Constantinople, 287;
slain, 293
Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Trebizond, 298
Alp Arslan, Sultan of the Seljouk Turks, attacks the empire, 252;
defeats Romanus IV., 254
Amalasuntha, Gothic queen, murdered, 82
Amalphi, commerce of, 225
Amorium, stormed by the Saracens, 210
Amour, Turkish Emir, 327
Amrou conquers Egypt, 166
Anastasius I., reign of, 61
Anastasius II., usurpation of, 181
Anatolic theme, 167
Andreas murders Constans II., 169
Andronicus I. (Comnenus), crimes and fall of, 272-3
Andronicus II. (Paleologus), reign of, 315-20
Andronicus III. (Paleologus), reign of, 321-2
Angelus, house of, see Isaac II. Alexius III.and Theodore of Epirus
[pg 354]
Angora, battle of, 334
Ani, taken by the Turks, 251
Anthemius, prime minister of Theodosius II., 54-5
Anthemius, architect of St. Sophia, 107
Anne of Savoy, empress-regent, 326
Antioch, taken by the Persians, 99;
taken a second time, 129;
stormed by the Saracens, 163;
retaken by Nicephorus Phocas, 231;
lost to the Turks, 256;
besieged by the Crusaders, 265;
tributary to the Comneni, 270
Antioch-on-Maeander, battle of, 299.
Antonia, wife of Belisarius, 74
Apsimarus, Tiberius, emperor, 177;
executed, 179
Arabs, see Saracens
Arcadius, reign of, 47-54;
his dealings with the Goths, 48;
quarrels with Chrysostom, 52
Armenia, conquered by the Byzantines, 243;
overrun by the Turks, 251
Army, reformed by Leo and Zeno, 61;
description of, in tenth century, 218
Artemius Anastasius, reign of, 61
Art, decay and revival of, 222-4
Aspar, executed by Leo I., 60
Athalaric, Gothic king, 81
Athanarich, Gothic king, 42;
visits Constantinople, 44
Athens, early Byzantines at war with, 6;
schools of, closed by Justinian, 150;
Frank duchy of, 297;
conquered by the “Grand Company,” 319
Attila, king of the Huns, wars of with the empire, 57
Augustaeum, description of the, 19
Avars, invasions of, the 122;
war of, with Heraclius, 134;
besiege Constantinople, 137
Baanes, rebel in Syria, 163
Baduila, Gothic king, victories of, 92;
takes Rome, 94;
slain in battle, 95
Baldwin I., emperor, his character,281;
crowned, 292;
slain by the Bulgarians, 295
Baldwin II., reign of, 301;
his travels, 305;
expelled from Constantinople, 306
Bardas Caesar, 212;
murdered by Michael III., 213
Bari, taken by the Normans, 259
Basil I., made Caesar, 213;
assassinates Michael III., 213;
laws of, 214
Basil II., ascends the throne, 229;
assumes the full power, 240;
his Bulgarian victories, 241-3;
campaigns in Asia, 243;
dies, 244
Bayezid, Turkish Sultan, 334
Belisarius, Persian victories of, 73;
quells the Nika riots, 79;
conquers Africa, 84;
takes Palermo, 88;
takes Rome, 89;
takes Ravenna, 91;
recalled, 92;
acts against Persia, 100;
defeats the Huns, 104;
disgraced, 105
Beneventum, Lombard duchy of, 117;
wars of with Constans II., 169
Black Sea, Greek trade with, 2
“Blues and Greens,” Circus factions, 22, 75;
great riot of, against Justinian, 76-7;
armed by Maurice, 127
Bohemund the Norman, wars of with Alexius I., 267
Boniface of Montserrat, 281-2;
made king of Thessalonica, 292;
slain in battle, 296
Bosphorus, the, 1-2
Bostra, stormed by the Saracens, 162
Branas, Alexius, rebellion of, 277
Brienne, house of, at Athens, 308;
expelled by the “Grand Company,” 319
Broussa, see Prusa
Bucellarian Theme, 167-8
Buhawides, Persian dynasty, 226-7
Bulgarians, invade and settle in [pg 355] Moesia, 171;
defeated by Justinian II., 173;
aid Justinian, 179;
defeat the Saracens, 187;
at war with Constantine V., 196;
defeat Constantine VI., 198;
slay Nicephorus I., 203;
besiege Constantinople, 204;
routed by Leo V., 205;
defeat Leo VI, 216;
conquered by the Russians, 235;
conquered by Basil II., 241-3;
revolt against Isaac II., 276-7;
slay Baldwin I., 295;
conquests of, 308;
subdued by the Turks, 330
Burtzes storms Antioch, 231
Byzantium, founded, 1;
early history of, 2-8;
under the Romans, 9-12;
chosen as Constantine's capital, 17;
see afterwards under Constantinople
Candia taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 228
Cantacuzenus, John, usurpation of, 325-8
Caracalla, grants privileges to Byzantium, 10
Carthage, taken by Belisarius, 85;
taken by the Saracens, 176
Cassiodorus, his work in literary copying, 149
Chalcedon, founded. 3;
taken by the Persians, 134
Champlitte, William of, founds principality of Achaia, 296
Charles the Great crowned emperor, 109
Cherson. Justinian II. at, 177;
sacked, 180
Chosroës I., king of Persia, wars of, with Justinian, 72-4, 90-100
Chosroës II.. wars with Phocas and Heraclius, 120-135;
death of, 138
Chosroantiocheia, foundation of, 72
Christianity, influence of, on the empire and society, 145-149
Chrysostom, see under John Chrysostom
Cilicia, conquered by Nicephorus Phocas, 230;
lost to the Turks, 236;
reconquered by the Comneni, 270
Column, of the Hippodrome, 25;
of Constantine, 25
Commerce, centralization of, at Constantinople, 224, 225;
decline of, under the Comneni, 267;
effects of Fourth Crusade on, 310
Comnena, Anna, writes her father's life, 264
Comnenus, see under Alexius, John, Andronicus, Manuel, David, Isaac
Conrad of Montserrat defeats Branas, 277
Constans II., reign of, 166;
wars of with the Saracens, 167;
murdered, 169
Constantine I., besieges Byzantium, 12;
master of the world, 14;
seeks a capital, 16;
founds Constantinople, 18
Constantine III., defeated by the Saracens, 164;
short reign of, 165
Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), wars of with the Saracens, 170;
defeats Moawiah, 171;
holds the Council of Constantinople, 172
Constantine V. (Copronymus), wars of, 196;
persecutes the Image-worshippers, 197
Constantine VI., reign of, 198;
blinded by his mother, 198
Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), reign of, 216, 217;
Constantine VIII., reign of, 245
Constantine IX. (Monomachus), reign of, 247
Constantine X. (Ducas), reign of, 250, 251
Constantine XI. (Paleologus), accession of, 343;
attacked by the Turks, 344;
last hours of, 347;
death of, 348
Constantinople founded by Constantine, [pg 356] 18;
topography of, 19-29;
besieged by the Goths, 41;
street fighting in, 51;
besieged by Avars and Persians, 136, 137;
besieged for the first time by the Saracens, 170;
besieged for the second time by the Saracens, 185, 186;
besieged by Bulgarians, 205;
commercial importance of, 224;
riots in, 247;
the Crusaders at, 264;
taken by the Franks and Venetians, 284;
stormed and sacked a second time, 287, 288;
devastation of, by the Latins, 291;
besieged by John Ducas, 301;
recovered by the Greeks, 305;
taken by John Paleologus, 329;
besieged by Murad II., 337;
last siege of, 346;
taken by the Turks, 348
Corippus, poem of, 144
Council of Constantinople, under Constantine IV., 172;
under Constantine V., 197;
under Leo V., 206
Council of Florence, John VI. at, 341
Courtenay, house of at Constantinople, 300, 301
Crete, conquered by the Saracens, 208;
recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 228;
taken by the Venetians, 292
Cross, the Holy, captured by the Persians, 132;
recovered by Heraclius, 139;
removed to Constantinople, 163
Crumn, king of Bulgaria, defeats Nicephorus I., 203;
besieges Constantinople, 205
Crusaders, their dealings with Alexius I., 263, 264;
enter Syria, 265;
of the Fourth Crusade, 279;
conquer Constantinople, 288
Ctesiphon, Heraclius at, 138
Cyprus, monks banished to, 197;
recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 230;
seized by Isaac Comnenus, 277;
taken by Richard I. of England, 278
Damascus, taken by the Persians, 131;
taken by the Saracens, 163
Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, 280, 281;
at the storm of Constantinople, 284, 288
Dara taken in the Persian wars, 136
Dastagerd taken by Heraclius, 138
David Comnenus defeated by Theodore I., 299
Delphic tripod, the, 24;
mutilated by Mahomet II., 349
Delphic oracle, the, orders foundation of Byzantium, 3
Digenes Akritas, epic of, 222
Diocletian makes Nicomedia his capital, 15
Diogenes, Romanus, reign of, 251;
defeated at Manzikert, 254;
slain, 256
Ducas, see under Constantine X., Michael VII., John III., Theodore II.
Durazzo, battle of, 260
Dushan, Stephen, king of Servia, conquests of, 327
Ecloga, the, Leo III.'s code of laws, 194
Eesa, Sultan, 334-5
Egypt, conquered by the Persians, 134;
conquered by the Saracens, 164;
separated from the Caliphate, 227
Eikasia, story of, 211
Emesa, taken by the Saracens, 163;
taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 231
Epirus, the despotate of, 298, 301, 304, 327
Ertogrul, the Turk, 322
Eudocia (Athenaïs), wife of Theodosius II., her disgrace, 56
Eudocia, wife of Romanus Diogenes, 251
Eudoxia, Ælia, wife of Arcadius, 52
[pg 357]
Eugenius IV., pope, treaty of, with John VI., 341
Euphrosyne, wife of Michael the Amorian, 207
Eutropius, minister of Arcadius, 47;
protected by Chrysostom, 50
Euphemius, rebel in Sicily, 208
Exarchate, of Ravenna, 119;
conquered by the Lombards, 196
Fatimite dynasty in Egypt, 243
Ferrara, John VI. at Council of, 341
Flaccilla, benevolence of, 156
Florence. Council of, 341
Franks, threaten Italy, 89;
summoned by Witiges, 91;
protect the Papacy, 196
Fritigern, Gothic ruler, 35-7;
victory of over Valens, 40
Fravitta defeats Gainas, 31
Gainas, minister of Arcadius, 47;
Gallienus, Byzantium destroyed by, 10
Gallipoli seized by the Turks, 329
Ganzaca burnt by Heraclius, 136
Gelimer, king of the Vandals, 81;
defeated and captured, 85
Genoa, rise of, 263;
trade of, with the East, 267;
allied to Michael Paleologus, 314;
sends aid to Constantine XI., 344
George the Alan, 318
George of Pisidia, poems of, 221
Giustiniani, John, defends Constantinople, 344-8
Godfrey of Bouillon, 264
Goths, early history of, 32;
cross the Danube, 37;
defeat Valens, 39;
besiege Constantinople, 41;
submit to Theodosius, 42;
the Visigoths under Alaric, 48;
quit the East, 49;
the Ostrogoths under Theodoric at war with Zeno, 62;
invade Italy, 64;
kingdom of, attacked by Belisarius, 86;
wars of, with Justinian, 88-94;
defeated and destroyed, 95
“Grand Company,” the, hired by Andronicus II., 317;
ravage Thrace, 318;
conquer Athens, 319
Greece, invaded by the Goths, 48;
overrun by the Slavs, 125;
conquered by the Crusaders, 296, 297
Greek fire, invented, 170;
used by the Byzantine fleet, 220
Gregory the Great, Pope, 120, 121
Guiscard, Robert, wars of, with Alexius I., 259-61
Haroun-al-Raschid, wars of, with Nicephorus I., 203
Helena, mother of Constantine I., 19
Hellas, theme of, 168;
revolts against Leo III., 193
Henry of Flanders, Emperor, 295-6
Henry VI. of Swabia, Emperor of the West, 278
Heracleonas, reign and fall of, 165-6
Heraclius the Elder, rebellion of, 130
Heraclius I., sails against Constantinople, 130;
slays Phocas, 130;
disasters of the Persian War, 132;
his Crusade, 133;
victorious campaign of, 135-7;
his triumph, 139;
attacked by the Saracens, 160;
defeated, 163;
last years of, 164
Heraclius Constantinus, son of Heraclius I., short reign of, 165
Hierapolis taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 231
Hieromax, battle of the, 162
Hilderic, Vandal king, deposed, 81
Hippodrome, the great, 22
[pg 358]
Histiaeus holds Byzantium, 5
Honorius slays Stilicho, 49
Hungary, converted to Christianity, 262;
invaded by Manuel I., 271;
attacks the Ottoman Turks, 342
Huniades, John, 342
Huns, under Attila, 57;
ravage Syria, 71;
threaten Constantinople, 104;
defeated by Belisarius, 105
Iconium, Sultanate of, see under Seljouks
Iconoclasm, the movement, 188-9;
vigorous under the Isaurian emperors, 192-7;
in the ninth century, 203-10;
ended by Michael III., 212
Iconodules, 202
Images, superstitions connected with, 190;
removed by Leo III., 192;
use of, ceases in the East, 212
Innocent III., sends out Fourth Crusade, 281;
wrath of with the Crusaders, 290
Irene, the empress, regency of, 107;
deposed, 198;
blinds her son and seizes the throne, 199
Isaac I. (Comnenus), his short reign, 250
Isaac II. (Angelus), rebels, 273;
his reign, 276;
deposed by his brother, 278;
restored, 284;
dies, 285
Isaac Comnenus, of Cyprus, 277-8
Isaurians, the, enlisted by Leo and Zeno, 61;
dynasty of the, 192-9
Isperich, king of Bulgaria, 172
Italy, conquered by Belisarius, 88-91;
partly conquered by the Lombards, 116;
Constans II. in, 169;
central parts of, lost, 196;
southern parts of, conquered by the Normans, 258
Jacobites, in Egypt and Syria, 161
Janissaries, the, 324
Jerusalem, Eudocia at, 57;
taken by Persians, 132;
Heraclius at, 139;
taken by the Saracens, 163;
taken by the Crusaders, 265
John I. (Zimisces), murders his uncle, 232;
successful wars of, 234-7;
dies, 239
John II. (Comnenus), reign and conquests of, 268-9
John III. (Ducas Vatatzes), 300;
conquers Thrace and Macedonia, 301
John IV. (Ducas), dethroned by Michael Paleologus, 304
John V. (Paleologus), minority of, 325-8;
expels John Cantacuzenus, 329;
defeated by the Turks, 330;
later years of, 333
John VI. (Paleologus), reign of, 339;
embraces Catholicism, 341
John (Angelus), Emperor of Thessalonica, 300
John, King of Bulgaria, 276;
conquers Baldwin I., 295
John the Cappadocian, finance minister, 76
John Chrysostom, patriarch, 52;
exiled, 53
John Ducas, regent, 255
John the Faster, patriarch, 120
John the Grammarian, patriarch, 209, 212
John Huniades, general, 342
John Lydus, author, 143
Julian, reign of, 32
Justin I., reign of, 65
Justin II., reign and wars of, 117
Justinian I., character of, 65;
marries Theodora, 66;
first Persian war of, 71-4;
Italian and African wars of, 83-93;
recalls Belisarius, 91;
his buildings, 106-9;
his legal work, 112
Justinian II., misfortunes of, 172;
banished, 175;
reconquers his throne, 179;
slain, 180
Kadesia, battle of, 164
Kaikhosru, Sultan, slain in battle, 299
[pg 359]
Karasi, Emirs of, 319
Karl the Great, crowned emperor, 201
Kathisma, the, 24
Khaled, victories of, 162
Khazars, allied to Heraclius, 137;
shelter Justinian II., 178
Kief, Russian capital, 234
Kobad, wars of, with Justinian, 71
Ladislas, king of Bulgaria, 243
Ladislas, king of Poland and Hungary, 342
Larissa, battle of, 261
Lascaris, see under Theodore I.
Latin language, used in the Balkan Peninsula, 124;
decay of the, 144
Law, Roman, codified by Justinian, 112;
changes of Leo III., 194;
of Basil I., 214
Lazarus the painter, 224
Lecky, Mr., views of, discussed, 153
Lazica, wars of Justinian and Chosroës about, 100
Leo I., reign of, 60
Leo III., the Isaurian, seizes the crown, 182;
defends Constantinople, 184;
religious reforms of, 192;
political reforms of, 194
Leo IV., short reign of, 197
Leo V. (the Armenian) seizes the throne, 204;
defeats the Bulgarians, 205;
murdered, 206
Leo VI. (the Wise), reign of, 216;
literary works of, 218
Leo the Deacon, 237
Leontius, usurpation and fall of, 175-7;
slain, 179
Liberius conquers South Spain, 96-7
Licinius, wars of with Maximinus Daza, 11;
dethroned by Constantine I., 12
Literature, 221-2
Lombards, the, leave Pannonia, 115;
conquer North Italy, 117;
defeated by Constans II., 169;
subdue the Exarchate, 196
Louis IX., of France, gives money to Baldwin II., 305
Lupicinus, governor of Moesia, 37
Lydus, John, author, 143
Macedonia, overrun by Slavs, 125;
in hands of Boniface of Montferrat, 292;
conquered by Stephen Dushan, 327
Maeander, battle of the, 299
Mahomet, the prophet, rise of, 159
Mahomet I., Sultan, reunites the Ottoman Empire, 336
Mahomet II. conquers Constantinople, 343-50
Maniakes, wars of, 246
Manuel I. (Comnenus), reign and wars of, 271-2
Manuel II. (Paleologus), reign and misfortunes of, 336-9
Manzikert, battle of, 254
Marcianus, reign of, 59
Martina, niece and wife of Heraclius, 165;
exiled, 166
Martyropolis, 121
Maurice, reign of, 120;
Persian wars, 121;
fall and death of, 127
Maximinus Daza takes Byzantium, 11
Melek-Adel, Sultan of Egypt, 279
Mesembria, taken by Bulgarians, 204;
battle of, 205
Mesopotamia, conquered by Heraclius, 136;
invaded by John Zimisces, 239
Michael I. (Rhangabe), short reign of, 204
Michael II. (the Amorian), conspiracy of, 206;
ecclesiastical policy of, 207;
wars of, 208
Michael III. (the Drunkard), minority of, 212;
excesses and murder of, 213
Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), reign and wars of, 246
Michael V., ephemeral power of, 247
[pg 360]
Michael VI. (Stratioticus), short reign of, 248-9
Michael VII. (Ducas), minority of, 251;
disastrous reign of, 256
Michael VIII. (Paleologus), usurpation of, 303-4;
overthrows the Latin Empire, 305;
disbands the Asiatic militia, 313;
Michael IX., son and colleague of Andronicus II., defeated by the “Grand Company,” 318
Michael Angelus, despot of Epirus, 300
Moawiah, Caliph, attacks Constantinople, 170;
his armies defeated, 171
Moesia, invaded by the Goths, 37;
seized by the Bulgarians, 171
Monks, characteristics of the early, 149;
favour image worship, 193;
persecuted by Constantine Copronymus, 197
Monophysites, 75
Moors, Gelimer flies to the, 85
Montferrat, see under Bonifaceand Conrad
Morals, effect of Christianity on, 145-7;
general character of Byzantine, 155-6
Moslemah besieges Constantinople, 185-7
Motassem, the Caliph, sacks Amorium, 210
Murad I., conquers Thrace, 329;
suzerain of John V., 330;
conquers the Serbs, 332
Murad II., besieges Constantinople, 337;
makes peace with Manuel II., 338;
wars of, 342
Murtzuphlus, see Alexius V. (Ducas)
Myriokephalon, battle of, 272
Naissus, birthplace of Constantine I., 16;
taken by the Bulgarians, 277
Naples, taken by Belisarius, 88;
interference of the Pope with, 120
Narses, the eunuch, conquers Italy from the Goths, 95
Narses, General, burnt alive by Phocas, 129
Navy, the Byzantine, 219-20
Nicaea, taken by the Crusaders, 264;
by the Ottomans, 323
Nicephorus I. dethrones Irene, 199;
disastrous wars of, 203
Nicephorus II., Phocas, takes Candia, 228;
emperor, 229;
wars of, 231;
murdered by Zimisces, 232
Nicholas V., pope, sends aid to Constantine XI., 344
Nicomedia, taken by the Ottomans, 323
Nineveh, battle of, 138
Normans, conquer Byzantine Italy, 247;
invade the empire, 259;
second invasion of repelled, 267;
third invasion of, 273
Notaras, John, 342
Nuceria, Goths beaten at, 95
Obeydah, Saracen general, 162
Obsequian theme, the, 168
Odoacer, conquered by Theodoric, 63, 64
Omar, the Caliph, visits Jerusalem, 163
Omeyades, dynasty of the, 170
Orkhan, Emir of the Ottomans, reign and successes of, 323-4;
Pretender to the Sultanate, 343
Orosius, history of, 150
Ostrogoths, under Theodoric in Moesia, 62;
conquer Italy, 64;
weakness of the kingdom of, 82;
attacked by Justinian, 88;
wars of with Belisarius and Narses, 89-94;
crushed, 95
Othman, Emir of the Turks, conquests of, 321-23
Palace, imperial, at Constantinople, 19
[pg 361]
Paleologus, house of, see under Michael VI., Andronicus II.and III., John V.and VI., Constantine XI.
Palermo, taken by Belisarius, 88
Palestine, conquered by the Persians, 132;
overrun by the Arabs, 163;
subdued by the Crusaders, 265
Pandects, compiled by Justinian, 112
Patriarchal palace of Constantinople, 21
Patriarchs, see under John, Sergius, &c.
Paulicians, sect of the persecuted by Basil I, 214
Paulinus, put to death by Theodosius II., 57
Patzinak Tartars, the, 237;
wars of with Alexius I., 262
Pavia, taken by the Lombards, 116
Persian Empire destroyed by the Arabs, 164
Persian Wars under Julian, 32;
under Maurice, 121;
under Phocas and Heraclius, 130-36
Peter, general under Nicephorus Phocas, 231
Philip of Macedon, attacks Byzantium, 7
Philip of Swabia, helps Alexius Angelus the younger, 279-8
Philippicus, usurpation and fall of, 180-1
Phocas, emperor, his usurpation, 127;
cruelty of, 129;
slain, 130
Phocas, Bardas, rebels against John Zimisces, 233;
against Basil II., 241
Phocas, Nicephorus, reign of, 228-30;
wars of, 231;
murdered, 233
Photius, patriarch, his learning, 221
Plague, the great of a.d. 542, 101
Popes, rise of the power of, 120;
estranged from the empire, 196;
call in the Franks, 199
Priscus, general of Maurice, 126
Prusa, taken by the Turks, 323;
sacked by the Mongols, 334
Pulcheria, Empress, with her brother Theodosius II., 55;
marries Marcianus, 59
Pelekanon, battle of, 323
Polyeuktus, patriarch, 230
Ravenna, taken by Belisarius, 91;
exarchate of, 119;
occupied by the Lombards, 196
Rhangabe, Michael, short reign of, 204
Rhazates, general, slain by Heraclius, 137
Richard Coeur de Leon, conquers Cyprus, 278
Robert Guiscard, wars of with Alexius I., 259-60;
final repulse of, 261
Roger de Flor, hired by Andronicus II., 317;
conquests of, 318;
assassinated, 318
Romanus I. (Lecapenus), long regency of, 217
Romanus II, short reign of, 228-9
Romanus III. (Argyrus), married to Zoe, 245;
dies, 246
Romanus IV. (Diogenes), reign of, 251;
defeated by Turks, 254;
dies, 256
Rome, taken by Belisarius, 89;
besieged by the Goths, 90;
taken by Baduila, 94;
Gregory the Great at, 120;
Constans II. at, 169;
Charles the Great at, 199
Ruric, founds the Russian kingdom, 234
Russians, early invasions of, 216;
attack Bulgaria, 234;
defeated by John Zimisces, 237;
converted to Christianity, 239
Sabatius, father of Justinian, 65
Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 241;
wars and death of, 242
Saoudji, rebels against Murad I., 333
[pg 362]
Sapor, king of Persia, 32
Saracens, the, converted by Mahomet, 159;
invade Syria, 160-2;
conquer Egypt, 166;
conquer Persia, 164;
civil wars of the, 166;
for later history, see under names of the Caliphs
Sardis, taken by Alexius I., 265
Scholarian Guards, the, 104
Seljouk Turks, conquer Persia and Armenia, 250-1;
invade the empire, 252;
conquer Asia Minor, 254;
defeated by the Crusaders, 265;
wars of with the Comneni, 265-7-72;
with Theodore I., 298
Sergius, patriarch, 133
Senate House at Constantinople, 21
Servians, cross the Danube, 123;
conquered by Basil II., 243;
rebel against Michael IV., 246;
conquered by Manuel I., 271;
overrun Macedonia, 327;
subdued by the Turks, 330
Severus, emperor, takes Byzantium, 9
Shahrbarz, the Persian, takes Jerusalem, 132;
defeated by Heraclius, 135
Sicily, conquered by Belisarius, 88;
invaded by Saracens, 208;
finally conquered by Saracens, 214;
invaded by Maniakes, 246;
Siroes, deposes his father Chosroës, 138
Skleros, Bardas, rebel against Basil II., 241
Slavery, influence of Christianity on, 147-8
Slavs, invade the Balkan Peninsula, 123;
subject to the Avars, 124-37;
made tributary by Constans II., 169;
besiege Thessalonica, 171
Sophia. St., first building of, 27;
burnt in 410 a.d., 53;
burnt in the Nika riots, 77;
rebuilding of by Justinian, 107-9;
desecrated by the Turks, 349
Spain, South of, conquered by Justinian's generals, 96-7
Stauracius, emperor, short reign of, 204
Statues at Constantinople, 21, 25;
destruction of by the Crusaders, 291
Suleiman, Saracen vizier, besieges Constantinople, 185;
dies, 186;
Turkish Sultan, reign of, 334-6
Stephen Lecapenus, usurpation of, 217
Stephen Dushan, king of Servia, conquests of, 327
Stephen, pope, calls in the Franks, 196
Stilicho, wars of with Alaric, 47-8;
murdered by Honorius, 49
Swiatoslaf, king of Russia, conquers Bulgaria, 235;
defeated by Zimisces, 237
Syria, invaded by the Huns, 71;
invaded by Kobad, 73;
conquered by Shahrbarz, 129-30;
invaded and conquered by the Saracens, 162-3;
conquests of Nicephorus Phocas in, 229;
subdued by the Crusaders, 265
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 163
Tagina, battle of, 95
Tarsus, taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 230
Teia, Gothic king, slain in battle, 95
Telemachus, martyrdom of, 145
Terbel, king of Bulgaria, aids Justinian II., 178
Themes, institution of the provincial system of, 167-8
Theodahat, Gothic king, murders his wife, 82;
war of with Justinian, 87;
slain, 88
Theodora, wife of Justinian, career of, 66-8;
in the Nika riots, 79;
death of, 103
Theodora, wife of Theophilus, 211;
regency of, 212
Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII., reign of, 248
[pg 363]
Theodora, daughter of Cantacuzenus, married to Orkhan, 328
Theodore I. (Lascaris), at the siege of Constantinople, 289;
made emperor at Nicaea, 298;
wars of, 299
Theodore II. (Ducas), short reign of, 303
Theodore, Studita, 221
Theodoric, son of Triarius, wars of with Zeno, 62-3
Theodoric, son of Theodemir, rebels against Zeno, 62;
conquers Italy, 64;
dies, 81
Theodotus, minister of Justinian II., 174
Theodosius I., wars of, with the Goths, 42;
dies, 44
Theodosius II., reign of, 54-6;
war with Attila, 57
Theodosius III., usurpation of, 181;
abdicates, 183
Theophano, empress, 229;
murders her husband, 233
Theophilus, emperor, reign and wars of, 208-11;
his love of art, 224-5
Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, 52
Thessalonica, besieged by the Slavs, 171;
stormed by the Saracens, 216;
Crusading kingdom of, 292;
retaken by the Greeks, 296;
taken by the Turks, 330;
recovered, 336;
finally lost, 341
Theuderic, Frankish king, attacks Witiges, 89
Thomas, rebel in Asia, 208
Tiberius II., Constantinus, short reign of, 114;
wars of, 117
Tiberius III., Apsimarus, rebellion of, 177;
deposed and slain, 179
Tiberius, son of Justinian II., slain, 180
Togrul Beg, Turkish chief, conquers Bagdad, 251
Totila, see under Baduila
Trebizond, empire of, founded, 298
Tribonian, minister of Justinian I., 112
Tricameron, battle of, 85
Turks, see under Seljouks, and names of Ottoman Sultans
Tuscany, conquered by the Lombards, 116
Tyana, sacked by Saracens, 182
Uldes, king of the Huns, 51
Urosh, king of Servia, 327
Uscup, capital of Stephen Dushan, 327
Valens, reign of, 36;
slain in battle by the Goths, 41
Vandals, kingdom of the, in Africa, 82;
conquered by Belisarius, 85
Varangian guards, 239;
at Durazzo, 260;
at siege of Constantinople, 282, 288
Verona, Baduila at, 92
Venice, rise of, 225;
commercial treaties of, with Alexius I., 268;
wars with Manuel I., 271;
aids the Fourth Crusade, 279;
engages in war with Alexius III., 282;
share of in plunder of Constantinople, 292;
at war with Michael VIII., 314
Vigilius, pope, persecuted by Justinian, 103
Vikings, the, in Russia, 234
Visigoths, the, invade Moesia, 35;
slay Valens, 41;
under Alaric, 48;
migrate to Italy, 49
Vitalian, rebellion of, 61
Welid, caliph, wars of, with the empire, 182
Witiges, Gothic king, 88;
besieges Rome, 90;
submits to Belisarius, 91
Yezid, Saracen prince, wars of with the empire, 170
[pg 364]
Zachariah, patriarch of Jerusalem, 132
Zapetra, taken by Theophilus, 210
Zara, taken by the Crusaders, 280
Zeno, emperor, reorganizes the army, 61;
wars of with the Goths, 62;
sends Theodoric to Italy, 64
Zeuxippus, baths of, 19
Zimisces, John, murders Nicephoras 1, 233;
Russian war of, 235-7;
Asiatic conquests of, 239
Zoe, empress, her marriages and reign, 245-7
