A.

ABDERA, Protagoras of, 10. 600 C.

Abortion, allowed in certain cases, 5. 461 C.

Absolute beauty, 5. 476, 479; 6. 494 A, 501 B, 507 B;
—absolute good, 6. 507 B; 7. 540 A;
—absolute justice, 5. 479; 6. 501 B; 7. 517 E;
—absolute swiftness and slowness, 7. 529 D;
—absolute temperance, 6. 501 B;
—absolute unity, 7. 524 E, 525 E;
—the absolute and the many, 6. 507.

Abstract ideas, origin of, 7. 523. Cp. Idea.

Achaeans, 3. 389 E, 390 E, 393 A, D, 394 A.

Achilles, the son of Peleus, third in descent from Zeus, 3. 391 C; his grief, ib. 388 A; his avarice, cruelty, and insolence, ib. 390 E, 391 A, B; his master Phoenix, ib. 390 E.

Active life, age for, 7. 539, 540.

Actors, cannot perform both tragic and comic parts, 3. 395 A.

Adeimantus, son of Ariston, a person in the dialogue, 1. 327 C; his genius, 2. 368 A; distinguished at the battle of Megara, ibid. ; takes up the discourse, ib. 362 D, 368 E, 376 D; 4. 419 A; 6. 487 A; 8. 548 E; urges Socrates to speak in detail about the community of women and children, 5. 449.

Adrasteia, prayed to, 5. 451 A.

Adultery, 5. 461 A.

Aeschylus, quoted:—
S. c. T.   451, 8. 550 C;
  ″      592, 2. 361 B, E;
  ″      593 ib. 362 A;
Niobe,   fr. 146, 3. 391 E;
  ″      fr. 151, 2. 380 A;
Xanthians, fr. 159, ib. 381 D;
Fab. incert.  266, ib. 383 B;
″     ″        326, 8. 563 C.

Aesculapius, see Asclepius.

Affinity, degrees of, 5. 461.

Agamemnon, his dream, 2. 383 A; his gifts to Achilles, 3. 390 E; his anger against Chryses, ib. 392 E foll.; shown by Palamedes in the play to be a ridiculous general, 7. 522 D; his soul becomes an eagle, 10. 620 B.

Age, for active life, 7. 539, 540;
—for marriage, 5. 460;
—for philosophy, 7. 539.

Agent and patient have the same qualities, 4. 437.

Aglaion, father of Leontius, 4. 439 E.

Agriculture, tools required for, 2. 370 C.

Ajax, the son of Telamon, 10. 620 B; the reward of his bravery, 5. 468 D; his soul turns into a lion, 10. 620 B.

Alcinous, ‘tales of,’ 10. 614 B.

Allegory, cannot be understood by the young, 2. 378 E.

Ambition, disgraceful, 1. 347 B (cp. 7. 520 D); characteristic of the timocratic state and man, 8. 545, 548, 550 B, 553 E; easily passes into avarice, ib. 553 E; assigned 340 to the passionate element of the soul, 9. 581 A;
—ambitious men, 5. 475 A; 6. 485 B.

Ameles, the river ( = Lethe), 10. 621 A, C.

Amusement, a means of education, 4. 425 A; 7. 537 A.

Anacharsis, the Scythian, his inventions, 10. 600 A.

Analogy of the arts applied to rulers, 1. 341; of the arts and justice, ib. 349; of men and animals, 2. 375; 5. 459.

Anapaestic rhythms, 3. 400 B.

Anarchy, begins in music, 4. 424 E [cp. Laws 3. 701 B]; in democracies, 8. 562 D.

Anger, stirred by injustice, 4. 440.

Animals, liberty enjoyed by, in a democracy, 8. 562 E, 563 C; choose their destiny in the next world, 10. 620 D [cp. Phaedr. 249 B].

Anticipations of pleasure and pain, 9. 584 D.

Aphroditè, bound by Hephaestus, 3. 390 C.

Apollo, song of, at the nuptials of Thetis, 2. 383 A; Apollo and Achilles, 3. 391 A; Chryses’ prayer to, ib. 394 A; lord of the lyre, ib. 399 E; father of Asclepius, ib. 408 C; the God of Delphi, 4. 427 A.

Appearance, power of, 2. 365 B, 366 C.

Appetite, good and bad, 5. 475 C.

Appetites, the, 8. 559; 9. 571 (cp. 4. 439).

Appetitive element of the soul, 4. 439 [cp. Tim. 70 E]; must be subordinate to reason and passion, 4. 442 A; 9. 571 D; may be described as the love of gain, 9. 581 A.

Arcadia, temple of Lycaean Zeus in, 8. 565 D.

Archilochus, quoted, 2. 365 C.

Architecture, 4. 438 C; necessity of pure taste in, 3. 401.

Ardiaeus, tyrant of Pamphylia, his eternal punishment, 10. 615 C, E.

Ares and Aphroditè, 3. 390 C.

Argos, Agamemnon, king of, 3. 393 E.

Argument, the longer and the shorter method of, 4. 435; 6. 504; misleading nature of (Adeimantus), 6. 487; youthful love of, 7. 539 [cp. Phil. 15 E]. For the personification of the argument, see Personification.

Arion, 5. 453 E.

Aristocracy (i.e. the ideal state or government of the best), 4. 445 C (cp. 8. 544 E, 545 D, and see State); mode of its decline, 8. 546;
—the aristocratical man, 7. 541 B; 8. 544 E (see Guardians, Philosopher, Ruler):
—(in the ordinary sense of the word), 1. 338 D. Cp. Constitution.

Ariston, father of Glaucon, 1. 327 A (cp. 2. 368 A).

Aristonymus, father of Cleitophon, 1. 328 B.

Arithmetic, must be learnt by the rulers, 7. 522–526; use of, in forming ideas, ib. 524 foll. (cp. 10. 602); spirit in which it should be pursued, 7. 525 D; common notions about, mistaken, ib. E; an excellent instrument of education, ib. 526 [cp. Laws 5. 747]; employed in order to express the interval between the king and the tyrant, 9. 587. Cp. Mathematics.

Armenius, father of Er, the Pamphylian, 10. 614 B.

Arms, throwing away of, disgraceful, 5. 468 A; arms of Hellenes not to be offered as trophies in the temples, ib. 470 A.

Army needed in a state, 2. 374.

Art, influence of, on character, 3. 400 foll.;
—art of building, ib. 401 A; 4. 438 C; carpentry, 4. 428 C; calculation, 7. 524, 526 B; 10. 341 602; cookery, 1. 332 C; dyeing, 4. 429 D; embroidery, 3. 401 A; exchange, 2. 369 C; measurement, 10. 602; money-making, 1. 330; 8. 556; payment, 1. 346; tactics, 7. 522 E, 525 B; weaving, 3. 401 A; 5. 455 D; weighing, 10. 602 D;
—the arts exercised for the good of their subject, 1. 342, 345–347 [cp. Euthyph. 13]; interested in their own perfection, 1. 342; differ according to their functions, ib. 346; full of grace, 3. 401 A; must be subject to a censorship, ib. B; causes of the deterioration of, 4. 421; employment of children in, 5. 467 A; ideals in, ib. 472 D; chiefly useful for practical purposes, 7. 533 A;
—the arts and philosophy, 6. 495 E, 496 C (cp. supra 5. 475 D, 476 A);
—the handicraft arts a reproach, 9. 590 C;
—the lesser arts (τεχνύδρια), 5. 475 D; (τέχνια), 6. 495 D;
—three arts concerned with all things, 10. 601.

Art. [Art, according to the conception of Plato, is not a collection of canons of criticism, but a subtle influence which pervades all things animate as well as inanimate (3. 400, 401). He knows nothing of ‘schools’ or of the history of art, nor does he select any building or statue for condemnation or admiration. [Cp. Protag. 311 C, where Pheidias is casually mentioned as the typical sculptor, and Meno 91 D, where Socrates says that Pheidias, ‘although he wrought such exceedingly noble works,’ did not make nearly so much money by them as Protagoras did by his wisdom.] Plato judges art by one test, ‘simplicity,’ but under this he includes moderation, purity, and harmony of proportion; and he would extend to sculpture and architecture the same rigid censorship which he has already applied to poetry and music (3. 401 A). He dislikes the ‘illusions’ of painting (10. 602) and the ‘false proportions’ given by sculptors to their subjects (Soph. 234 E), both of which he classes as a species of magic. With more justice he points out the danger of an excessive devotion to art; (cp. the ludicrous pictures of the unmanly musician (3. 411), and of the dilettanti who run about to every chorus (5. 475)). But he hopes to save his guardians from effeminacy by the severe discipline and training of their early years. Sparta and Athens are to be combined [cp. Introduction, p. clxx]: the citizens will live, as Adeimantus complains, ‘like a garrison of mercenaries’ (4. 419); but they will be surrounded by an atmosphere of grace and beauty, which will insensibly instil noble and true ideas into their minds.]

Artisans, necessary in the state, 2. 370; have no time to be ill, 3. 406 D.

Artist, the Great, 10. 596 [cp. Laws 10. 902 E];
—the true artist does not work for his own benefit, 1. 346, 347;
—artists must imitate the good only, 3. 401 C.

Asclepiadae, 3. 405 D, 408 B; 10. 599 C.

Asclepius, son of Apollo, 3. 408 C; not ignorant of the lingering treatment, ib. 406 D; a statesman, ib. 407 E; said by the poets to have been bribed to restore a rich man to life, ib. 408 B; left disciples, 10. 599 C;
—descendants of, 3. 406 A;
—his sons at Troy, ibid.

Assaults, trials for, will be unknown in the best state, 5. 464 E.

Astronomy, must be studied by the rulers, 7. 527–530; spirit in which it should be pursued, ib. 529, 530. 342

Atalanta, chose the life of an athlete, 10. 620 B.

Athené, not to be considered author of the strife between Trojans and Achaeans, 2. 379 E.

Athenian confectionery, 3. 404 E.

Athens, corpses exposed outside the northern wall of, 4. 439 E.

Athlete, Atalanta chooses the soul of an, 10. 620 B; athletes, obliged to pay excessive attention to diet, 3. 404 A; sleep away their lives, ibid. ; are apt to become brutalized, ib. 410, 411 (cp. 7. 535 D);
—the guardians athletes of war, 3. 403 E, 404 B; 4. 422; 7. 521 E; 8. 543 [cp. Laws 8. 830].

Atridae, 3. 393 A.

Atropos (one of the Fates), her song, 10. 617 C; spins the threads of destiny, and makes them irreversible, ib. 620 E.

Attic confections, 3. 404 E.

Audience, see Spectator.

Autolycus, praised by Homer, 1. 334 A.

Auxiliaries, the young warriors of the state, 3. 414; compared to dogs, 2. 376; 4. 440 D; 5. 451 D; have silver mingled in their veins, 3. 415 A. Cp. Guardians.

Avarice, disgraceful, 1. 347 B; forbidden in the guardians, 3. 390 E; falsely imputed to Achilles and Asclepius by the poets, ib. 391 B, 408 C; characteristic of timocracy and oligarchy, 8. 548 A, 553.