P.

Paeanian, Charmantides the, 1. 328 B.

Pain, cessation of, causes pleasure, 9. 583 D [cp. Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51 A]; a motion of the soul, ib. E.

Painters, 10. 596, 597; are imitators, ib. 597 [cp. Soph. 234]; painters and poets, ib. 597, 603, 605:
—‘the painter of constitutions,’ 6. 501.

Painting, in light and shade, 10. 602 C.

Palamedes and Agamemnon in the play, 7. 522 D.

Pamphylia, Ardiaeus a tyrant of some city in, 10. 615 C.

Pandarus, author of the violation of the oaths, 2. 379 E; wounded Menelaus, 3. 408 A.

Panharmonic scale, the, 3. 399.

Panopeus, father of Epeus, 10. 620 B.

Pantomimic representations, not to be allowed, 3. 397.

Paradox about justice and injustice, the, 1. 348.

Parental anxieties, 5. 465 C [cp. Euthyd. 306 E].

Parents, the oldest and most indispensable of friends, 8. 574 C; parents and children in the state, 5. 461.

Part and whole, in regard to the happiness of the state, 4. 420 D; 5. 466; 7. 519 E; in love, 5. 474 C, 475 B; 6. 485 B.

Passionate element of the soul, 4. 440; 6. 504 A; 8. 548 D; 9. 571 E, 580 A. See Spirit.

Passions, the, tyranny of, 1. 329 C; fostered by poetry, 10. 606.

Patient and agent equally qualified, 4. 436 [cp. Gorg. 476; Phil. 27 A].

Patroclus, cruel vengeance taken by Achilles for, 3. 391 B; his treatment of the wounded Eurypylus, ib. 406 A. 365

Pattern, the heavenly, 6. 500 E; 7. 540 A; 9. 592 [cp. Laws 5. 739 D].

Paupers. See Poor.

Payment, art of, 1. 346.

Peirithous, son of Zeus, the tale of, not to be repeated, 3. 391 D.

Peleus, the gentlest of men, 3. 391 C.

Perception, in the eye and in the soul, 6. 508 foll.

Perdiccas [King of Macedonia], 1. 336 A.

Perfect state, difficulty of, 5. 472; 6. 502 E [cp. Laws 4. 711]; possible, 5. 471, 473; 6. 499; 7. 540 [cp. Laws 5. 739]; manner of its decline, 8. 546 [cp. Crit. 120].

Periander, the tyrant, 1. 336 A.

Personalities, avoided by the philosopher, 6. 500 B [cp. Theaet. 174 C].

Personification; the argument compared to a search or chase, 2. 368 C; 4. 427 C, 432; to a stormy sea, 4. 441 B; to an ocean, 5. 453 D; to a game of draughts, 6. 487 B; to a journey, 7. 532 E; to a charm, 10. 608 A;
—‘has travelled a long way,’ 6. 484 A;
—‘veils her face,’ ib. 503 A;
—‘following in the footsteps of the argument,’ 2. 365 C;
—‘whither the argument may blow, thither we go,’ 3. 394 D;
—‘a swarm of words,’ 5. 450 B;
—the three waves, ib. 457 C, 472 A, 473 C.

Persuasion [or Faith], one of the faculties of the soul, 6. 511 D; 7. 533 E.

Philosopher, the, has the quality of gentleness, 2. 375, 376; 3. 410; 6. 486 C; ‘the spectator of all time and all existence,’ 6. 486 A [cp. Theaet. 173 E]; should have a good memory, ib. D, 490 E, 494 A; 7. 535; has his mind fixed upon true being, 6. 484, 485, 486 E, 490, 500 C, 501 D; 7. 521, 537 D; 9. 581, 582 C (cp. 5. 475 E; 7. 520 B, 525, and Phaedo 82; Phaedr. 249; Theaet. 173 E; Soph. 249 D, 254); his qualifications and excellences, 6. 485 foll., 490 D, 491 B, 494 B [cp. Phaedo 68]; corruption of the philosopher, ib. 491 foll.; is apt to retire from the world, ib. 496 [cp. Theaet. 173]; does not delight in personal conversation, ib. 500 B [cp. Theaet. 174 C]; must be an arithmetician, 7. 525 B; pleasures of the philosopher, 9. 581 E:
—Philosophers are to be kings, 5. 473 (cp. 6. 487 E, 498 foll., 501 E foll.; 7. 540; 8. 543; 9. 592); are lovers of all knowledge, 5. 475; 6. 486 A, 490; true and false, 5. 475 foll.; 6. 484, 491, 494, 496 A, 500; 7. 535; to be guardians, 2. 375 (see Guardians); why they are useless, 6. 487 foll.; few in number, ib. E, 496, 499 B, 503 B [cp. Phaedo 69 C]; will frame the state after the heavenly pattern, ib. 501; 7. 540 A; 9. 592; education of, 6. 503; philosophers and poets, 10. 607 [cp. Laws 12. 967].

Philosophic nature, the, rarity of, 6. 491; causes of the ruin of, ibid.

Philosophy, every headache ascribed to, 3. 407 C; = love of real knowledge, 6. 485 (cp. supra 5. 475 E); the corruption of, 6. 491; philosophy and the world, ib. 494; the desolation of, ib. 495; philosophy and the arts, ib. E, 496 C (cp. supra 5. 475 D, 476 A); true and false philosophy, 6. 496 E, 498 E; philosophy and governments, ib. 497; time set apart for, ib. 498; 7. 539; commonly neglected in after life, 6. 498; prejudice against, ib. 500, 501; why it is useless, 7. 517, 535, 539; the guardian and saviour of virtue, 8. 549 B; philosophy and poetry, 10. 607; aids a man to make a wise choice in the next world, ib. 618. 366

Phocylides, his saying, ‘that as soon as a man has a livelihood he should practise virtue,’ 3. 407 B.

Phoenician tale, the, 3. 414 C foll.

Phoenicians, their love of money, 4. 436 A.

Phoenix, tutor of Achilles, 3. 390 E.

Phrygian harmony, the, 3. 399.

Physician, the, not a mere money maker, 1. 341 C, 342 D; the good physician, 3. 408; physicians find employment when luxury increases, 2. 373 C; 3. 405 A. Cp. Medicine.

Pigs, sacrificed at the Mysteries, 2. 378 A.

Pilot, the, and the just man, 1. 332 (cp. 341); the true pilot, 6. 488 E.

Pindar, on the hope of the righteous, 1. 331 A; on Asclepius, 3. 408 B;
—quoted, 2. 365 B.

Pipe, the, (σύριγξ), one of the musical instruments permitted to be used, 3. 399 D.

Piraeus, 1. 327 A; 4. 439 E; Socrates seldom goes there, 1. 328 C.

Pittacus of Mitylene, a sage, 1. 335 E.

Plays of children should be made a means of instruction, 4. 425 A; 7. 537 A [cp. Laws 1. 643 B].

Pleasure, not akin to virtue, 3. 402, 403; pleasure and love, ibid. ; defined as knowledge or good, 6. 505 B, 509 B; the highest, 9. 583; caused by the cessation of pain, ib. D [cp. Phaedo 60 A; Phil. 51]; a motion of the soul, ib. E;
—real pleasure unknown to the tyrant, ib. 587;
—pleasure of learning, 6. 486 C (cp. 9. 581, 586, and Laws 2. 667);
—sensual pleasure, 7. 519; 9. 586; a solvent of the soul, 4. 430 A [cp. Laws 1. 633 E]; not desired by the philosopher, 6. 485 E:
—Pleasures, division of, into necessary and unnecessary, 8. 558, 559, 561 A; 9. 572, 581 E; honourable and dishonourable, 8. 561 C; three classes of, 9. 581; criterion of, ib. 582; classification of, ib. 583;
—pleasures of smell, ib. 584 B;
—pleasures of the many, 585; of the passionate, ib. 586; of the philosopher, ib. 586, 587.

Pluto, 8. 554 B.

Poetry, styles of, 3. 392–394, 398; in the state, ib. 392–394, 398; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [cp. Laws 7. 817]; effect of, 10. 605; feeds the passions, ib. 606; poetry and philosophy, ib. 607 [cp. Laws 12. 967]:
—‘colours’ of poetry, ib. 601 A.

Poetry. [The Republic is the first of Plato’s works in which he seriously examines the value of poetry in education, and the place of the poets in the state. The question could hardly be neglected by the philosopher who proposed to construct an ideal polity or government of the best. For poetry played a great part in Hellenic life: the children learned whole poems by heart in their schools (Protag. 326 A; Laws 7. 810 C); the rhapsode delighted the crowds at the festivals (Ion 535); the theatres were free, or almost free, to all, ‘costing but a drachma at the most’ (Apol. 26 D); the intervals of a banquet were filled up by conversation about the poets (Protag. 347 C). The quarrel between philosophy and poetry was an ancient one, which had found its first expression in the attacks of Xenophanes (538 B.C.) and Heracleitus (508 B.C.) upon the popular mythology. In the earlier dialogues of Plato the poets are treated with an ironical courtesy, through which an antagonistic spirit is allowed here and there to appear: they are ‘winged and holy beings’ (Ion 534) who sing by inspiration, 367 but at the same time are the worst possible critics of their own writings and the most self-conceited of mortals (Apol. 22 D). In the Republic (II and III), Plato begins the trial of poetry by the enquiry whether the tales and legends related by the epic and tragic poets are true in themselves or likely to furnish good examples to his future citizens. They cannot be true, for they are contrary to the nature of God (see s. v. God), and they are certainly not proper lessons for youth. There must be a censorship of poetry, and all objectionable passages expunged; suitable rules and regulations will be laid down, and to these the poets must conform. In the Xth Book the argument takes a deeper tone. The Poet is proved to be an impostor thrice removed from the truth, a wizard who steals the hearts of the unwary by his spells and enchantments. Men easily fall into the habit of imitating what they admire; and the lamentations and woes of the tragic hero and the unseemly buffoonery of the comedian are equally bad models for the citizens of a free and noble state. The poets must therefore be banished, unless, Plato adds, the lovers of poetry can persuade us of her innocence of the charges laid against her. In the Laws a similar conclusion is reached:—‘The state is an imitation of the best life, and the noblest form of tragedy. The legislator and the poet are rivals, and the latter can only be tolerated if his words are in harmony with the laws of the state’ (vii. 817)].

Poets, the, love their poems as their own creation, 1. 330 C [cp. Symp. 209]; speak in parables, ib. 332 B (cp. 3. 413 B); on justice, 2. 363, 364, 365 E; bad teachers of youth, ib. 377; 3. 391, 392, 408 C [cp. Laws 10. 866 C, 890 A]; must be restrained by certain rules, 2. 379 foll.; 3. 398 A [cp. Laws 2. 656, 660 A; 4. 719]; banished from the state, 3. 398 A; 8. 568 B; 10. 595 foll., 605 A, 607 A [cp. Laws 7. 817]; poets and tyrants, 8. 568; thrice removed from the truth, 10. 596, 597, 598 E, 602 B, 605 C; imitators only, ib. 600, 601 (cp. 3. 393, and Laws 4. 719 C); poets and painters, 10. 601, 603, 605;
—‘the poets who were children and prophets of the gods’ (? Orpheus and Musaeus; cp. supra 364 E), 2. 366 A.

Polemarchus, the son of Cephalus, 1. 327 B; ‘the heir of the argument,’ ib. 331; intervenes in the discussion, ib. 340; wishes Socrates to speak in detail about the community of women and children, 5. 449.

Politicians, in democracies, 8. 564.

Polydamas, the pancratiast, 1. 338 C.

Poor, the, have no time to be ill, 3. 406 E; everywhere hostile to the rich, 4. 423 A; 8. 551 E [cp. Laws 5. 736 A]; very numerous in oligarchies, 8. 552 D; not despised by the rich in time of danger, ib. 556 C.

Population, to be regulated, 5. 460.

Poverty, prejudicial to the arts, 4. 421; poverty and crime, 8. 552.

Power, the struggle for, 7. 520 C [cp. Laws 4. 715 A].

Pramnian wine, 3. 405 E, 408 A.

Priam, Homer’s delineation of, condemned, 3. 388 B.

Prisoners in war, 5. 468–470.

Private property, not allowed to the guardians, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543.

Prizes of valour, 5. 468.

Prodicus, a popular teacher, 10. 600 C. 368

Property, to be common, 3. 416 E; 4. 420 A, 422 D; 5. 464 C; 8. 543; restrictions on the disposition of, 8. 556 A [cp. Laws 11. 923]:
—property qualifications in oligarchies, ib. 550, 551.

Prophets, mendicant, 2. 364 C.

Proportion, akin to truth, 6. 486 E.

Prose writers on justice, 2. 364 A.

Protagoras, his popularity as a teacher, 10. 600 C.

Proteus, not to be slandered, 2. 381 D.

Proverbs: ‘birds of a feather,’ 1. 329 A; ‘shave a lion,’ ib. 341 C; ‘let brother help brother,’ 2. 362 D; ‘wolf and flock,’ 3. 415 D; ‘one great thing,’4. 423 E; ‘hard is the good,’ ib. 435 C; ‘friends have all things in common,’ 5. 449 C; ‘the useful is the noble,’ ib. 457 B; ‘the wise must go to the doors of the rich,’ 6. 489 B (cp. 2. 364 B); ‘what is more than human,’ 6. 492 E; ‘the necessity of Diomede,’ ib. 493 D; ‘the she-dog as good as her mistress,’ 8. 563 D; ‘out of the smoke into the fire,’ ib. 569 B; ‘does not come within a thousand miles’ (οὐδ’ ἴκταρ βάλλει), 9. 575 D.

Public, the, the great Sophist, 6. 492; compared to a many-headed beast, ib. 493; cannot be philosophic, ib. 494 A [cp. Pol. 292 D]. See Many, Multitude.

Punishment, of the wicked, in the world below, 2. 363; 10. 614. Cp. Hades, World below.

Purgation of the luxurious state, 3. 399 E;
—of the city by the tyrant, 8. 567 D;
—of the soul, by the tyrannical man, ib. 573 A.

Pythagoreans, the, authorities on the science of harmony, 7. 529, 530, 531; never reach the natural harmonies of number, ib. 531 C;
—the Pythagorean way of life, 10. 600 A.

Pythian Oracle, the, 5. 461 E; 7. 540 C.