Index.
Ab, a Jewish month, i. 259 n. 1
Ababu, a tribe of the Congo, ii. 288
Abchases of the Caucasus, ii. 105, 313
Abdication, temporary, of chief, ii. 66, 68
Aberdeenshire, harvest customs in, i. 158 sqq.
Abipones, the, of Paraguay, i. 308, ii. 140
Acagchemem tribe of California, ii. 170
Achinese, the, i. 315
Acosta, J. de, quoted, i. 171 sq., ii. 86sqq.
Acropolis of Athens, ii. 40sq.
Actium, games celebrated at, i. 80, 85
Adair, James, ii. 264
Adeli, the, of the Slave Coast, ii. 116
Adonis, i. 214, 216, 258, 263;
and the boar, ii. 22sq.
Aegis, ii. 40
Aesculapius at Pergamus, ii. 85
Aeson and Medea, ii. 143
Agbasia, a Ewe god, ii. 59, 60
Agni, Indian god, ii. 120
Agnus castus, i. 116 n. 2
Agricultural year determined by observation of the Pleiades, i. 313 sqq.
Agriculture, magical significance of games in primitive, i. 92 sqq.;
origin of, 128 sq.;
woman's part in primitive, 113 sqq.
Aino, the, ii. 144, 251, their ceremony at eating new millet, 52;
their worship of eagle-owls, eagles, and hawks, 199sq.;
their propitiation of mice, 278;
their ambiguous attitude towards the bear, 310sq.;
type of animal sacrament, 312sq.
—— of Japan, their custom of killing bears ceremonially, ii. 180sqq.
—— of Saghalien, their bear-festivals, ii. 188sqq.
Aïsawa or Isowa, order of saints in Morocco, i. 21
Ajumba hunter, ii. 235
A-Kamba, the, ii. 113
Alaskan hunters, ii. 238
Albania, custom as to locusts and beetles in, ii. 279
Alcyonian Lake, the, i. 15
Alder branches, sacrificial, ii. 232
Alectrona, daughter of the Sun, ii. 45
Alfoors of Minahassa, ii. 100
Alligators, souls of dead in, ii. 297
All Souls, Feast of, i. 30
Alur tribe, ii. 214
Alus, custom at, i. 25
Amambwe, the, ii. 287
Amaxosa Caffres, ii. 227
Amazons of Dahomey, ii. 149
Amazulu, the, i. 316
Amboyna, ii. 123
Amedzowe, the spirit land, ii. 105
Amei Awi, i. 93
American Indians, women's agricultural work among the, i. 120 sqq.;
their ceremonies at hunting bears, ii. 224sqq.;
personification of maize, i. 171 sqq.
Ammon, ram sacrificed to, ii. 41;
the Theban, 172sq.
Ancestors, prayers to, i. 105;
images of, ii. 53;
offerings to spirits of, 111, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125
Ancestral Contest at the Haloa, i. 61;
at the Eleusinian Games, 71, 74, 77;
at the Festival of the Threshing-floor, 75
Ancient deities of vegetation as animals, ii. 1sqq.
Andaman Islanders, ii. 164
Andree, Dr. Richard, i. 307
Angamis (Angami), a Naga tribe of Assam, i. 244, ii. 291
Angel dance, the, ii. 328
Angoni, the, ii. 149;
burial custom among the, 99
Anhalt, harvest customs in, i. 226, 233, 279
Animal, corn-spirit as an, i. 270 sqq.;
killing the divine, ii. 169sqq.;
worshipful, killed once a year and promenaded from door to door, 322
[pg 342]
Animal embodiments of the corn-spirit, on the, i. 303 sqq.
—— form, god killed in, i. 22 sq.
—— god, two types of the custom of killing the, ii. 312sq.
—— masks worn by Egyptian kings, i. 260 sq.
—— sacrament, types of, ii. 310sqq.
Animals torn to pieces and devoured raw in religious rites, i. 20 sqq.;
language of, acquired by eating serpent's flesh, ii. 146;
resurrection of, 200sq., 256sqq.;
and men, savages fail to distinguish accurately between, 204sqq.;
wild, propitiation of, by hunters, 204sqq.;
bones of, not to be broken, 258sq.;
bones of, not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, 259;
savage faith in the immortality of, 260sqq.;
transmigration of human souls into, 285sqq.;
two forms of the worship of, 311;
processions with sacred, 316sqq.
Anitos, souls of ancestors, ii. 124
Anna Kuari, i. 244
Anointing the body as a means of acquiring certain qualities, ii. 162sqq.
Antankarana tribe of Madagascar, ii. 290
Anthesteria, the, i. 30 sqq.
Anthropomorphism, i. 212
Antinous, games in honour of, i. 80, 85
Antiquity of the cultivation of the cereals in Europe, i. 79
Antrim, harvest customs in, i. 144, 154 sq.
Ants, superstitious precaution against the ravages of, ii. 276
Apaches, the, ii. 242
Apes, ceremony after killing, ii. 235sq.
Apis, sacred bull, ii. 34sqq.
Apollo surnamed Locust and Mildew, ii. 282;
the Mouse, 282sq.;
Wolfish, 283sq.
Apollonius of Tyana, ii. 280
Apologies offered by savages to the animals they kill, ii. 215, 217, 218, 221, 222sqq., 235sqq., 243
Apple-tree, straw-man placed on oldest, ii. 6
of Moab, harvest custom of the, i. 138
Arawak Indians, ii. 154
Arcturus, i. 47 n. 2, 51, 52
Ardennes, precautions against rats in the, ii. 277
Argyleshire, harvest customs in, i. 155 sq.
Ariadne, Cyprian worship of, i. 209 n. 2
Aricia, many Manii at, ii. 94sqq.;
sacred grove at, 95
Arician grove, horses excluded from, ii. 40sqq.
Aristides, the rhetorician, on first-fruit offerings, i. 56;
on Eleusinian Games, 71
Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, i. 79;
on men of genius, ii. 302n. 5
Arkansas Indians, ii. 134
Arriaga, J. de, i. 173 n.
Art, Demeter and Persephone in, i. 43 sq.
Artemis, Brauronian, ii. 41n. 3
Artemisia and Mausolus, ii. 158
Artemision, a Greek month, ii. 8
Artificers, worship of the, ii. 60sq.
Aru Islands, ii. 145
Aryans of Europe, agriculture among the early, i. 129 sq.;
totemism not proved for the, ii. 4
Ash Wednesday, i. 300
Ashantees, the, ii. 149;
their festivals of new yams, 62sq.
Ashes as manure, i. 117
—— of dead swallowed, ii. 156sqq.;
smeared on mourner, 164;
of human victim scattered on earth to fertilise it, i. 240;
scattered on fields, 249, 250, 251;
scattered with winnowing-fans, 260, 262
Assam, ii. 116;
agriculture in, i. 123;
genna in, 109 n. 2;
head-hunting in, 256
Asses, transmigration of sinners into, ii. 299, 308
Assimilation of victims to gods, i. 261 sq.;
of men to their totems or guardian animals, ii. 207sq.
Assiniboins, the, ii. 225
Assinie, W. African kingdom, ii. 63
Astronomy, origin of, i. 307
Asuras, the, ii. 120
Athamanes, the, of Epirus, i. 129
Athamas, King, i. 24, 25
Athena, sacrifices to, i. 56;
and the goat, ii. 40sq.
Athens, Queen of, married to Dionysus, i. 30 sq.;
called “the Metropolis of the Corn,” 58;
ceremony at killing a wolf at, ii. 221;
Athletic competitions among harvesters, i. 76 sq.
Atonement to animals for wrong done to them, ii. 310sq.
Attic months lunar, i. 52
Attica, vintage custom in, ii. 133
Attis, i. 2, 14, 214;
his relation to Lityerses, 255 sq.;
and the pig, ii. 22
Attraction and repulsion, forces of, ii. 303sqq.
Augustine, i. 88
Augustus celebrates games at Actium, i. 80
Australia, totemism in, ii. 311
—— Northern, ii. 145
Australian aborigines, i. 126, 307 sq.;
their mutilations of the dead, ii. 272
[pg 343]
Australians, the Central, ii. 165
Austria, harvest customs in, i. 276, 292
Awe, Loch, i. 142
Awemba, the, i. 115;
of Northern Rhodesia, ii. 272sq.
Ayrshire, harvest customs in, i. 279
Aztecs, their festival at end of fifty-two years, i. 310 sq.;
eating the god among the, ii. 86sqq.
Baba or Boba, name given to last sheaf, i. 144 sq.;
“the Old Woman,” at the Carnival, ii. 332, 333
Bacchanals of Thrace, i. 17
Badagas, the, ii. 55
Baden, harvest customs in, i. 283, 286, 292, 298
Baganda, the, i. 118, ii. 64, 70n. 1, 227, 253, 271sq.;
their offerings of first-fruits, 113;
their fear of the ghosts of animals, 231sq.
Bagobos, the, ii. 124;
of Mindanao, i. 240
Bahaus or Kayans of central Borneo, i. 92 sqq.
See Kayans
Bahima, their belief in transmigration, ii. 288
Bakongs, a tribe of Borneo, ii. 294
Bakundu of the Cameroons, burial custom of the, ii. 99
Bali, i. 314, ii. 278;
rice spirit in, i. 201 sqq.
Ball, game of, played as a rite, ii. 76, 79
Balquhidder, cutting the Maiden at, i. 157
Balum, spirits of the dead, i. 104
Ba-Mbala, the, i. 119
Bananas, cultivated by women, i. 115, 118;
cultivated in South America, 120, 121;
cultivated in New Britain, 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123;
soul of dead man in, ii. 298
Banars, the, of Cambodia, ii. 33
Bangala, the, i. 119
Banks' islanders, i. 313
—— Islands, burial custom in the, ii. 97
Barley awarded as a prize in the Eleusinian games, i. 73, 74, 75;
oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, 132
—— Bride among the Berbers, i. 178 sq.
—— -cow, i. 289, 290
—— -mother, the, i. 131, 135
—— -sow, i. 298
—— -wolf, i. 271, 273
Baronga, the, ii. 280;
women's part in agriculture among the, i. 114 sq.
Barotsé, the, i. 115, ii. 159
Bassari, the, ii. 116
Bassia latifolia, ii. 119
Bastian, Adolph, quoted, ii. 313
Basutoland, i. 116;
Basutos, the, ii. 148;
their customs as to the new corn, 110
Batari Sri, a goddess, i. 202
Batchelor, Rev. J., ii. 180n. 2, 182n. 2, 183, 184, 186n., 198, 201
Bathing forbidden, i. 94
Bats, souls of dead in, ii. 287
Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, i. 196, 315, ii. 293;
their ceremonies at catching tigers, 216sq.
Battle, mock, ii. 75
Bavaria, harvest customs in, i. 147, 221 sq., 232, 282, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298, 299
Bean-cock, i. 276
—— -goat, i. 282
Beans, Spirit of, i. 177;
cultivated in Burma, 242;
forbidden as food by Empedocles, ii. 301
Bear, importance of the, for people of Siberia, ii. 191;
ambiguous attitude of the Aino towards the, 310sq.;
the corn-spirit as a, 325sqq.
—— -cats, souls of dead in, ii. 294
—— -festivals of the Aino, ii. 182sqq.;
of the Gilyaks, 190sqq.;
of the Goldi, 197;
of the Orotchis, 197
—— -skin worn by woman dancer, ii. 223
—— the Great, constellation, i. 315
Bear's liver, i. 187 sq.;
heart eaten, ii. 146
“Beard of Volos,” i. 233
Bears killed ceremonially by the Aino, ii. 180sqq.;
souls of dead in, 286sq.;
processions with, in Europe, 326n. 3
—— slain, propitiated by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks, Koryak, Finns, and Lapps, ii. 222sqq.;
by American Indians, 224sqq.
Beating a man clad in a cow's hide, ii. 322sqq.
—— boys with leg-bone of eagle-hawk, ii. 165n. 2
—— effigy of ox with rods in China, ii. 11sq.
—— people for good luck, i. 309
Beavers, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, ii. 238sqq.
Bechuanas, the, i. 316, ii. 28, 164;
their ceremonies before eating the new fruits, 69sq.;
ceremony observed after a battle by the, 271
Beer in relation to Dionysus, i. 2 n. 1
Bees, transmigration of quiet people into, ii. 308
Beetles, superstitious precautions against, ii. 279, 280
[pg 344]
Beggar, name given to last sheaf, i. 231 sq.
Beku, the, of West Africa, ii. 163
Bells worn by mummers, i. 26, 28, ii. 332, 333;
attached to hobby-horse, 337sq.
Benin, ii. 64;
human sacrifice at, i. 240
Bera Pennu, the Earth Goddess, i. 245
Berbers, the Barley Bride among the, i. 178 sq.
Berosus, Babylonian historian, i. 258 sq.
Berry, harvest customs in, i. 292, 294
Berwickshire, harvest customs in, i. 153 sq.
Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, ii. 329, 331
Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, ii. 116;
their belief in the transmigration of souls, 289sq.
Bhils, the, of Central India, ii. 29
Bhímsen, an Indian deity, ii. 118
Bhumiya, a Himalayan deity, ii. 117
Bhutan, ii. 103
Biennial cycle, i. 87
—— festivals, i. 14, i. 86
Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, i. 150, 253
Binders of corn, contests between, i. 136, 137, 138, 218 sq., 220, 221, 222, 253
Binding the corn, contests in, i. 218 sq.
Binsenschneider, i. 230 n. 5
Bird, soul as a, i. 181, 182 n. 1;
corn-spirit as a, 295 sq.
—— of prey, inoculation with a, ii. 162
Birds, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, i. 204 sq.;
language of, ii. 146;
tongues of, eaten, 147
Birth of child on harvest-field, pretended, i. 150 sq.
Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, i. 5
Bizya in Thrace, i. 26, 30
Black Drink, an emetic, ii. 76
—— Goat-skin, in relation to Dionysus, i. 17
Blackened faces, i. 291, 299;
of actors, 27
Blackfeet Indians, i. 311, ii. 236
Bladders of sea-beasts returned by the Esquimaux to the sea, ii. 247sqq.
Blindfolded, reapers, i. 144, 153 sq.
Blood drawn from men as a religious rite, ii. 75, 91sq.;
as a means of communion with a deity, 316
—— of bear drunk, ii. 146
—— of beavers not allowed to fall on ground, ii. 240n. 2
—— of dragon, ii. 146
—— of human victim sprinkled on seed, i. 239, 251;
scattered on field, 244, 251
—— of lamb sprinkled on people, ii. 315
—— of slain men tasted by their slayers, ii. 154sqq.
Blood-covenant, ii. 154sqq.
Boa-constrictor, soul of a, ii. 296
Boa-constrictors, souls of dead in, ii. 289sq.
Boar, corn-spirit as, i. 298 sqq.;
the Yule, 300 sqq., 302 sq.;
and Adonis, ii. 22sq.
Boars, wild, their ravages in the corn, ii. 31sqq.
Boba or Baba, name given to the last sheaf, i. 144 sq.
Bock, C., quoted, i. 8
Boedromion, an Attic month, i. 52, 77
Bogadjim in German New Guinea, ii. 251
Bohemia, harvest customs in, i. 138, 145, 149, 150, 225 sq., 232, 286, 289;
Carnival custom in, ii. 325;
custom as to mice in, 279, 283
Böhmer Wald Mountains, i. 284
Bombay, burial custom in, ii. 100
Bone of old animal eaten to make the eater old, ii. 143
Bones and skulls of enemies destroyed, ii. 260
—— of animals preserved in order that the animals may come to life again, ii. 256sqq.;
burned or thrown into water, 257;
not to be broken, 258sq.;
not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, 225, 238sqq., 243, 259
—— of the dead, virtues acquired by contact with the, ii. 153sq.;
preserved for the resurrection, 259
—— of deer not given to the dogs, ii. 241, 242, 243
—— of fish not burned, ii. 250, 251;
thrown into the sea or a river, 250, 254;
not to be broken, 255
Bontoc, province of Luzon, i. 240
Bordeaux, harvest custom at, i. 291
Bormus or Borimus, i. 216, 257, 264
Borneo, ii. 122;
agricultural communities of central, i. 92
Bororos, the, of Brazil, ii. 71sq., 208
Boscana, Father G., ii. 169;
quoted, i. 125
Botocudos, the, of Brazil, ii. 156
Bougainville Straits, i. 313
Bouphonia, ii. 4sqq.
Bouphonion, a Greek month, ii. 6n.
Bourbourg, Brasseur de, i. 237
Bourke, Captain J. G., ii. 178n. 4
Bouzygai, the, at Eleusis, i. 108
Boxing, i. 71 n. 5, ii. 131
Brahman boys sacrificed, i. 244
Brahmans, the, on transubstantiation, ii. 89
Brain, drippings of, used to acquire wisdom of dead, ii. 163sq.
Brains of enemies eaten, ii. 152
Brand, John, quoted, i. 146
Brazen serpent, the, ii. 281
[pg 345]
Brazil, Indians of, i. 111, ii. 235;
their flesh diet, ii. 139
Bridal pair at rice-harvest in Java, i. 200 sq.
Bride, name given to last sheaf, i. 162, 163
British Columbia, Indians of, ii. 253
Brittany, harvest customs in, i. 135
Bromios, epithet of Dionysus, i. 2 n. 1
Brooke, Rajah, ii. 211
Brown, Dr. Burton, ii. 100n. 2
Bubui river, in New Guinea, ii. 295
Buckwheat cultivated in Burma, i. 242
Bucolium at Athens, i. 30
Buddha, transmigrations of, ii. 299, 301
Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, i. 259 n. 3, 260 n. 2
Buffalo sacrificed for human victim, i. 249
Buffaloes, propitiation of dead, ii. 229, 231;
their death bewailed, 242;
revered by the Todas, 314
Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, i. 103, 105, 313, ii. 124
Bulawayo, ii. 70
Bulgarians, the Carnival among the, ii. 331sqq.
Bull, corn-spirit as, i. 288 sqq., ii. 8;
in relation to Dionysus, i. 16 sq., 31
——, live, torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 15, 17, ii. 16
——, sacrifice of, ii. 68n. 3;
at Magnesia, 7sq.;
in Mithraic religion, 10;
at tomb of dead chief, 113
—— -fights, ii. 66
—— -roarers, i. 19 n. 1, ii. 295;
as magical instruments, i. 104, 106 sq., 110
—— -shaped deities, i. 3 sqq.
Bulls, sacred, of ancient Egypt, ii. 34sqq.
Burghers or Badagas, the, ii. 55
Burial rites intended to deceive ghosts or demons, ii. 97sqq.
Burials, fictitious, to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, ii. 98sqq.
Buring Une, a goddess, i. 93
Burma, ii. 116;
securing the rice-soul in, i. 190 sq.;
custom at threshing rice in, 203 sq.;
head-hunting in, i. 256
Burmese cure, ii. 103
Burne, Miss C. S., i. 266
Burning last sheaf of corn, i. 146
—— the Old Witch, i. 224
Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 26
Bushmen, ii. 29, 206, 266n. 1;
their customs as to diet, 140sq.
Busiris, i. 259 sq.
Busk, festival of first-fruits, ii. 72
Butea frondosa, ii. 119
Butterflies, souls of dead in, ii. 290, 291, 296sq.
Butterfly of the rice, i. 190
Button snake root, emetic made from, ii. 73, 75
Buzzard, killing the sacred, ii. 169sqq.
Caffre elephant-hunters, ii. 227
Caffres, their festival of new fruits, ii. 64sqq.;
their custom of fumigating infants, 166sq.;
of South Africa, their observation of the Pleiades, i. 315;
of the Zambesi region, ii. 289
Cailleach (Old Wife), name given to last corn cut, i. 140 sqq., 164 sqq.
Caingua Indians of Paraguay, ii. 285
Cakes in obscene shapes, i. 62
Calabash, ceremony of breaking the, ii. 68n. 3
Calabria, custom observed by murderers in, ii. 156
Calendar, regulation of, an affair of religion, i. 83;
the Roman, 83 sq.;
primitive, 125 sq.
Calendars, the Pleiades in primitive, i. 307 sqq.
Calf sacrificed to Dionysus, i. 33;
killed at harvest, 290;
sacrifice of buffalo, ii. 314
California, Indians of, i. 125, ii. 169, 286
Californian missions, the Spanish, ii. 171n. 1
Callaway, Rev. H., i. 316
Callias, the Eleusinian Torch-bearer, i. 54, 73 n. 3
Cambodia, ii. 103
Cameron, Hugh E., i. 162 n. 3
Campbell, Major J., i. 248, 250
Campbell, Rev. J. G., i. 140
Cancer, Tropic of, i. 125
Candlemas, i. 300
Canelos Indians of Ecuador, ii. 285
Cannibal orgies, i. 18 sqq.
—— Spirit, i. 21
Cannibals, a secret society of the Kwakiutl Indians, i. 20
Canopus, i. 308
Capricorn, Tropic of, i. 125
Carcassone, hunting the wren at, ii. 320sq.
Carian Chersonese, ii. 85
Carib warriors, ii. 162
Caribs, the, i. 120, ii. 139
Carinthia, harvest custom in, i. 224 sq.
Carley, the, i. 144
Carlin or Carline, the, i. 140
Carnival, modern Thracian drama at the, i. 26 sqq., ii. 331
—— Bear, ii. 325
—— custom in Bohemia, ii. 325
Carolina, Indians of, ii. 217
[pg 346]
Carrier Indians, ii. 238sq.
Cassava (manioc) bread, i. 120 sq.
Cassowaries, souls of dead in, ii. 295
Cassowary totem, ii. 207
Castabus, ii. 85
Cat, corn-spirit as, i. 280 sq.;
killed at harvest, i. 281
Cat's cradle, i. 101, 103
—— tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268
Catalangans, the, ii. 124
Caterpillars, superstitious precautions against, ii. 275sq., 279, 280
Catholic custom of eating effigies of the Madonna, ii. 94
Cattle, last sheaf given to, i. 134, 155, 158, 161, 170;
(plough oxen) Yule or Christmas Boar given to, the, 301, 302, 303;
first-fruits offered to, 118
Caul-fat, human, rubbed on body, ii. 162
Cayenne, Indians of, 285 sqq.
Celebes, i. 313, ii. 54, 122, 123;
precautions against mice in, 277
Celeus, king of Eleusis, i. 37
Censorinus, i. 86, 87
Central Provinces of India, ii. 118sq.
Cereals in Europe, antiquity of the cultivation of, i. 79;
cultivated by the early Aryans, 132
Ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the Garos, ii. 337sqq.
Ceres, i. 42;
festival of, 297 n. 5;
the, in France, 135;
Roman sacrifices to, ii. 133
Chadwars, the, ii. 28
Chaka, Zulu despot, ii. 67
Chambéry, harvest customs at, i. 275, 288, 291 sq.
Chams, the, of Indo-China, ii. 283;
their agricultural ceremonies, 56sqq.;
their belief in transmigration, 291sq.
Changes of shape, magical, i. 305
Chasas, the, of Orissa, ii. 26
“Chasms of Demeter and Persephone,” ii. 17
Chastity required in sower of seed, i. 115 sq.;
of hunter before hunting bears, ii. 226
Chateaubriand, his description of the Natchez festival, ii. 135sqq.
Cheese Monday, i. 26, ii. 333
Cheremiss, the, ii. 51
Cherokee hunters, ii. 236, 241
—— mythology, ii. 204sq.
Cherokees, the, ii. 72n. 2, 139, 220;
their respect for rattlesnakes, 218sq.;
their custom of removing the hamstring of deer, 266
Chicome couatl, Mexican Maize-goddess i. 176
Chief, sacred, ii. 28;
acting as priest, 126;
sacrifices to dead, 113
Chiefs, spirits of dead, give rain, ii. 109;
deified after death, 125;
souls of dead, in lions, 287sq.
Child born on harvest-field, pretence of, i. 150 sq.
Childbed, deceiving the ghosts of women who have died in, ii. 97sq.
Children at birth placed in winnowing-fans, i. 6 sqq.;
guarded against evil spirits, 6 sqq.;
employed to sow seed, 115 sq.;
sacrificed at harvest, 236
China, ceremony at beginning of spring in, ii. 10sqq.
Chinese, their theory as to courage, ii. 145sq.
—— of Amoy, their use of effigies, ii. 104
—— ceremony of ploughing, ii. 14sq.
—— use of sieve or winnowing-fan, i. 6, 9 sq.
Chinigchinich, a Californian god, ii. 170
Chinna Kimedy, i. 247, 249
Chins, the, of Upper Burma, ii. 121
Chiquites of Paraguay, ii. 241
Chiriguanos, the, Indians of Bolivia, ii. 140, 286
Chota Nagpur, i. 244
Christmas, i. 134;
boar sacrificed at, 302. See also Yule
—— drama, ii. 327sq.
Chuckchees, the, ii. 221
Churn, last corn cut, i. 151, 153, 154 sq.
Cicero, on the gift of the corn, i. 58;
on transubstantiation, ii. 167
Cinteotl, Mexican Maize-god, i. 176
Circumcision, i. 316, ii. 153
Clarke, E. D., at Eleusis, i. 64;
quoted, 146
Clement of Alexandria on the Eleusinian mysteries, i. 39
Cleostratus of Tenedos, i. 81
Clyack-kebback, i. 160
Clyack sheaf, i. 158 sqq., ii. 43
Cnossus, i. 82, 85
Cobra-capella, guardian-deity of Issapoo, ii. 174
Cochin China, tigers respected in, ii. 217
Cock, corn-spirit as, i. 276 sqq.;
killed on harvest field, 277 sq.;
white, sacrificed, ii. 117, 118
—— -sheaf, i. 276
Cogiour, a sacred pontiff, ii. 114
Cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual, ii. 69, 70n. 1
[pg 347]
Colluinn, custom of beating a cow's hide, ii. 323, 324
Colombian Indians, ii. 286
Communal taboos, i. 109 n. 2
Communion with deity, ii. 83, 325
Compitalia, a Roman festival, ii. 94, 96, 107
Complexity of religious phenomena, ii. 36
Confession of sin, ii. 69
Congo, the Lower, i. 115;
the Upper, 119
Conjunction of sun and moon, ii. 15n. 1
Conservation of energy, ii. 262
Constantinople protected against flies and gnats, ii. 281
Contact with sacred things is deemed dangerous, ii. 27sqq.
—— between certain foods in stomach of eater forbidden, ii. 83sqq., 90
Contest, Ancestral, at the Eleusinian Games, i. 71, 74, 77
Contests for possession of the corn-spirit, i. 74 sq., 180;
between binders of corn, 136, 137, 138, 218 sq., 220, 221, 222, 253;
between reapers, 74 sq., 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 sq., 164 sq., 219, 253;
between threshers, 147 sqq., 218, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223 sq., 253
Continence, ceremonial, ii. 75, 81, 93;
prescribed at festival, 248
—— and fasting, ii. 14
Coorgs, the, ii. 55
Corea, ii. 122;
use of effigies in, 105
Corn, ear of, revealed to initiates at the rites of Eleusis, i. 38;
personified as Demeter, 42;
first-fruits of, offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, 53 sqq.;
first bestowed on the Athenians by Demeter, 54;
personified as female, 130;
wreath of, 134;
double personification of, as mother and daughter, 207 sqq.;
the first corn cut, customs connected with, 214 sq.;
the new, eaten sacramentally, ii. 48sqq.;
sanctity of the, 110
—— and poppies as symbols of Demeter, i. 43 sq.
—— Baby, i. 152, 292
—— -bull, i. 291
—— -cow, i. 289
—— -ears, Queen of the, i. 146;
crown of, 163, 221, 283
—— -fool, i. 148
—— -goat, i. 282, 283, 286, 287
—— -maiden, i. 150;
in Northern Europe, 129 sqq.
—— -mallet at threshing, i. 148
—— -man, i. 223;
the goal of a women's race at harvest, 76 sq.
Corn-mother, i. 150;
in Northern Europe, 131 sqq.;
in last sheaf, 133 sqq.;
in America, 171 sqq.;
in many lands, 171 sqq.
—— -pug, i. 273
—— -reapers, songs of the, i. 214 sqq.
—— -sow, i. 298
Corn-spirit, contests for possession of the, i. 74 sq., 180;
conceived as old, 136 sqq.;
in last sheaf threshed, i. 139, 147, 168, ii. 48;
represented in duplicate, i. 139;
conceived as young, 150 sqq.;
as Bride and Bridegroom, 162 sqq.;
as male and female, 164, ii. 9;
as female, both old and young, i. 164 sqq.;
represented by person who cuts, binds, or threshes the last corn, 167 sq., 220 sqq., 236, 253 sq.;
fertilising influence of, 168;
its influence on women, 168;
represented by human beings, 168, 204 sqq., ii. 333;
in form of an old man, i. 206 sq.;
in first corn cut, 215;
personal representative of, killed in mimicry, 216;
killing the, 216 sqq., 223 sqq.;
represented by a puppet, 224;
represented by a stranger, 225 sqq.;
conceived as poor and robbed by the reapers, 231 sqq.;
slain in his human representatives, 251 sqq.;
the neck of the, 268;
as animal, 270 sqq.;
on the animal embodiments of the, 303 sqq.;
as wolf or dog, 271, sqq., ii. 327;
the tail of the, i. 268, 272, 300, ii. 10, 43;
as cock, i. 276 sqq., 277 sq.;
as hare, 279 sq.;
as cat, 280 sq.;
as goat, 281 sqq., ii. 327;
lame, i. 284;
slain in the form of a goat, 284 sq., 287;
as bull, cow, or ox, 288 sqq., ii. 8;
killed in form of bull, i. 290, 291 sq.;
killed at threshing, 291 sq.;
as horse or mare, 292 sqq.;
in form of calf, 292;
as a bird, 295;
as fox, 296 sq.;
as pig (boar, sow), 298 sqq.;
represented by an ox, ii. 9sqq.;
killed in animal form and eaten sacramentally, 20;
as a bear, 325 sqq.;
represented dramatically, 325;
as a boar, 328;
represented by a man called the Straw-bear, 329
—— -stalks, harvesters wrapt up in, i. 220 sqq.
—— -wolf, i. 272, 273, 275
—— -woman, i. 230, 233;
at threshing, 149
Corners of fields not to be reaped, i. 234 sq.
Corpus Christi Day, i. 310
Cos, harvest-home in, i. 47
Cotton, treatment of first cotton picked, ii. 119
Courage seated in gall-bladder, ii. 145sq.
[pg 348]
Cow, corn-spirit as, i. 288 sqq.
Cow's hide, thresher of last corn wrapt in, i. 291;
custom of beating the, ii. 322sqq.
Cows milked by women, i. 118;
and their milk, superstitions as to, ii. 84n. 1 and 2
Cranes, trumpeting of the, signal for ploughing, i. 45
Cretan festival of Dionysus, i. 14 sq.
—— myth of Dionysus, i. 13
Crete, ancient seat of worship of Demeter, i. 131;
pig not eaten in, ii. 21n. 1
Cries of reapers, i. 263 sqq.
Cripple Goat, the, i. 284
Crocodile, clay image of, ii. 279
—— -catchers, rules observed by, ii. 209sq.
Crocodiles hunted by savages for their flesh, ii. 208n. 2;
often spared by savages out of respect, 208sqq.;
ceremonies observed at catching, 209sqq.;
kinship of men with, 212sq., 214sq.;
respected in Africa and Madagascar, 213sqq.;
sacred at Dix Cove, 287;
souls of dead in, 289, 290, 291, 295
Cronion, a Greek month, ii. 7, 8n. 1
Crooke, W., i. 118 n., 234 n. 2, ii. 56n. 3
Crops, charms and spells for growth of, i. 100;
rotation of, 117;
human sacrifices for the, 236 sqq.
Cross River natives, ii. 115
Crow, head of, eaten to prolong life, ii. 143;
transmigration of sinner into, 299
—— Song, the Greek, ii. 322n.
Crown of corn-ears, i. 163, 221, 283;
worn by Demeter and Persephone, 43
“Crying the Mare” in Hertfordshire, i. 292 sq.;
in Shropshire, 293
“Crying the neck,” i. 264 sqq.
Cultivation, shifting, i. 99;
see Agriculture
“Cup of offering,” ii. 184
Curcho, old Prussian god, ii. 133
Curetes, their war-dance, i. 13
Curses uttered by Bouzygai, i. 108
Cuscuses, souls of dead in, ii. 296, 298
Cushing, Frank H., quoted, ii. 175sqq.
Cuzco, i. 310
Cycle, the octennial in Greece, i. 80 sqq.
Cynaetha, i. 16
Cyzicus, i. 16
Dacotas, the, ii. 256
Dama, island of, ii. 101
Damatrius, a Boeotian month, i. 46
Dance at harvest supper, i. 134, 135, 145;
of harvesters with or round the last sheaf, 135, 141, 145, 160, 219, 220 sq.;
of masked men before sowing, 186;
of Dyaks to secure soul of rice, 188 sq.;
of old women as representatives of the corn-goddess, 205;
Pawnee, before human sacrifice, 238;
before the king at ceremony of first-fruits, ii. 70sq.;
of medicine-man, 72;
the Green Corn Dance, 76;
war, 79;
by torchlight, 79;
of Kansas Indians, 145
“the angel dance,” 328;
of mummers at Carnival, 333, 334;
of mummer wearing a horse-headed mask, 338
Dances, i. 246, 247;
at sowing festival, 95;
masked, 95 sq., 111, 186, ii. 208n. 1;
at the reappearance of the Pleiades, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 317;
in imitation of totemic animals, ii. 76;
Mexican, 88;
in connexion with offerings of first-fruits, 113, 116, 126, 131, 134;
of men personifying deities, 179;
of women at bear-festival, 185, 186sq., 191, 195;
of women at catching a crocodile, 211;
round dead tigers, 216;
of the Koryak at the slaughter of bears or wolves, 223;
in honour of slain leopards, 228;
of Koryak women at slaughter of whales, 232sq.;
to amuse the souls of dead sea-beasts, 248;
of Shrovetide Bear, 325sq.;
to make the crops thrive, 326, 328, 330sq.;
of masked men and women in ritual, 339
Dancing for salmon, ii. 255
Danger Island, i. 312
Danzig, harvest customs at, i. 133, 218 sq.
Darfur, ii. 147
Darwin and Empedocles, ii. 306
Daughter-in-law in ritual, ii. 121sq.
Dawkins, R. M., i. 25 n. 4, 29 n. 2
Dead, rebirth of the, i. 84;
fear of the, ii. 36sq.;
souls of the, 64;
festival in honour of, at end of harvest, 110;
buried in the houses, 115;
bones of the, 153sq.;
mourners rub themselves with the fat or putrefying juices of the, 162sq.;
souls of the human, supposed to be in caterpillars, 275sq.; and in other animals, 285sqq.
—— men mutilated in order to disable their ghosts, ii. 271sqq.
—— spirits of the, supposed to influence the crops, i. 104;
give rain, ii. 109sq.;
first-fruits offered to, 109sq., 111sqq., 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124sqq.;
in trees, 113
Deane, Mrs. J. H., ii. 319n. 2
[pg 349]
Death and resurrection of the gods, i. 1, 12 sqq., 15
—— pollution of, ii. 85n. 3
Deer, flesh of, eaten to prolong life or to avoid fever, ii. 143;
not eaten by warriors, 144;
treated with respect by American Indians, 240sqq.;
their bones not given to dogs, 241, 242, 243;
Indian custom of cutting out the sinew of the thighs of, 264sqq.;
Deiseil or deiseal, according to the course of the sun, ii. 323, 324
Deities of vegetation as animals, ii. 1sqq.
Deity, communion with, ii. 325
Delagoa Bay, i. 114, ii. 280
Delaware Indians, ii. 218
Delphi, grave of Dionysus at, i. 14
Delphic oracle, i. 55, 58
Demeter, mother of Dionysus by Zeus, i. 14, 66;
Homeric Hymn to, 35 sqq., 70;
a personification of the corn, 39, 40 sq.;
distinguished from the Earth-goddess, 41, 43;
at the threshing-floor, 41 sq., 47;
in art, 43 sq., 88 sq.;
offering of first-fruits to, 46 sqq.;
surnamed Proerosia, 51;
bestows corn on the Athenians, 54;
worshipped in Sicily, 56 sqq.;
bestows corn on the Sicilians, 56 sq.;
sacrifices to her at sowing, 57;
associated with seed-corn, 58;
her epithets, 63 sq.;
her image at Eleusis, 64;
her intrigue with Zeus, 66;
etymology of name, 131;
in relation to the pig, ii. 16sqq.;
horse-headed, of Phigalia, 21, 338;
rustic prototype of, 334
—— and Iasion, i. 208
—— and Pelops, ii. 263
—— and Persephone, i. 35 sqq.;
resemblance of their artistic types, 67 sq.;
their essential identity, 90;
associated with death and immortality, 90 sq.;
double personification of the corn as, 208 sqq.
—— and Zeus, ii. 9;
marriage of, i. 65 sqq.
—— Black, i. 263;
of Phigalia, ii. 21
—— Green, i. 42, 263
—— Yellow, i. 41 sq.
Demeter's corn, i. 42
Democritus, ii. 146
Demons or ghosts deceived by dummies, ii. 96sqq.;
repelled by gun-shots, 99
Dendereh, sculptures at, i. 260
Dengdit, high god of the Dinka, ii. 40n., 114n. 2
Denmark, harvest customs in, i. 139 sq., 231;
the Yule Boar in, i. 300 sq.
De Smet, J., i. 239 n. 1
Descent of Persephone, i. 46, ii. 17
Devonshire reapers, cries of, i. 264 sqq.
Diasia, an Athenian sacrifice, ii. 95n. 2
Dieri, the, of Central Australia, i. 106, ii. 151
Digger Indians, the, ii. 164
Digging-sticks used by women, i. 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128
Dijon, harvest custom near, i. 290
Diocles, i. 37
Diodorus Siculus, on worship of Demeter and Persephone, i. 56 sqq.
Dionysus, i. 1 sqq.;
god of the vine, 2 sq.;
god of trees, 3 sq.;
a god of agriculture and corn, 5;
and the winnowing-fan, 5 sqq.;
as Zagreus, 12;
horned, 12;
son of Zeus by Persephone, Demeter, or Semele, 12, 14;
death and resurrection of, 12 sqq., 32;
ritual of, 14 sq.;
grave of, 14;
as a bull, 16 sq., 31;
as a goat, 17 sq.;
torn to pieces at Thebes, 25;
his marriage to the Queen of Athens, 30 sq.;
son of Zeus and Demeter, 66;
and the bull-roarer, 110 n. 4;
his relation to Pan, Satyrs, and Silenuses, ii. 1sqq.;
as a bull, 3sq.;
live animals rent in rites of, 16;
the Foxy, 282
Dittenberger, W., i. 77 n. 4
Dius, a Macedonian month, i. 46 n. 2
Divination, ii. 210;
magic dwindles into, i. 110 n.;
by shoulder-blade, ii. 234
Diviners, ancient, their rules of diet, ii. 143
Dodwell, E., at Eleusis, i. 64
Dog, corn-spirit as, i. 271 sqq.;
of the harvest, 273;
feast on flesh of, ii. 256;
sacrifice of the White, 258n. 2;
transmigration of sinner into, 299
—— -eating Spirit, i. 21
—— -star, i. 261
Dog's flesh or liver eaten to acquire bravery, ii. 145
Dogs devoured in religious rites, i. 20, 21, 22;
not allowed to gnaw bones of slain animals, 225, 238sqq., 243, 259;
bones of deer not given to, 241, 242, 243
Doll made of last corn at harvest, i. 140, 151, 153, 155, 157, 162
D'Orbigny, A., quoted, i. 120
Dormice, charm against, ii. 281
Door of house protected against fiends, ii. 96
Dough image of god eaten sacramentally, ii. 86sqq., 90sq.
—— images of animals sacrificed instead of the animals, ii. 95n. 2
—— puppets as substitutes for live human beings, ii. 101sq.
Dragon's blood, ii. 146
[pg 350]
Drama, modern Thracian, at the Carnival, i. 25 sqq.;
magical, 187 sq.
Dramatic representations of the corn-spirit, ii. 325
—— rites practised with magical intention, i. 1
Dreams as a source of belief in immortality, ii. 260sq.
Drinking juices of dead kinsfolk, ii. 163n. 3
Dryas, son of Lycurgus, i. 24, 25
Du Pratz, Le Page, ii. 77sqq.
Duke of York Islands, ii. 252
Dumbartonshire, harvest customs in, i. 157 sq.
Dummies to avert attention of ghosts or demons, ii. 96sqq.
“Dumping” people on harvest field, i. 226 sq.
Dumplings in human form at threshing, i. 148;
in form of pigs, 299
Duplication of deities, i. 212 sq.
Durham, harvest customs in, i. 151
Dyaks, the, i. 313, 314, ii. 100, 101, 102, 152;
their ceremonies to secure the rice-soul, i. 188 sq.;
of Borneo, ii. 122, 144, 209, 211;
of Sarawak, 279
Dying and Reviving God, i. 1, 33
Eagle-owl worshipped by the Aino, ii. 199
Eagles worshipped by the Aino, ii. 200;
propitiation of dead, 236
Ears regarded as the seat of intelligence, ii. 148;
of dead enemies cut out, 271sq.
Earth, Mother, ii. 105
—— the spirit of the, ii. 120
—— -God, i. 69
—— -goddess, ii. 115;
distinguished from Demeter, i. 41, 43, 89;
in Greek art, 89;
human sacrifices offered to, 245, 246, 249, 250
—— -gods, slaves of the, ii. 61, 62n. 1
—— -mothers, i. 173 n.
Easing nature, a charm used by robbers, i. 235
East Indies, the Rice-mother in the, i. 180 sqq.
Easter, i. 300
—— Eve, i. 134
—— Islanders, ii. 133
—— Sunday, i. 33
Eater of animals, as epithet of a god, i. 23
Eating the god, ii. 48sqq., 167;
among the Aztecs, 86sqq.
—— the soul of the rice, ii. 54
Eckstein, Miss L., ii. 317n. 2
Ecstasy induced by smoking, ii. 72
Edonians, the, i. 24
Eels, souls of dead in, ii. 289, 290, 292
Effigies of men and women hung at doors of houses, ii. 94;
buried with the dead to deceive their ghosts, 97sq.;
used to cure or prevent sickness, 100sqq.
Effigy of an ox broken as a spring ceremony in China, ii. 10sqq.
Eggs not eaten, ii. 140;
charm to make hens lay, 326
Egypt, ancient, stratification of religion in, ii. 35
Egyptian kings, their animal masks, i. 260
—— reapers, their cries, i. 263
—— type of animal sacrament, ii. 312sq., 314
Egyptians, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, i. 259 sq.;
the ancient, their religious attitude to pigs, ii. 24sqq.
El Kiboron clan of the Masai, ii. 288
Elans treated with respect by American Indians, ii. 240
Elephant's flesh thought to make eater strong, ii. 143
Elephants, ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, ii. 227sq., 237;
souls of dead in, 289
Eleusine grain, i. 117
Eleusinian Games, i. 70 sqq., 110, 180;
less ancient than the Eleusinian mysteries, 87 sq.
—— inscription dealing with first-fruits, i. 55 sq.
—— mysteries, i. 35, 37 sqq., 65 sqq. 69 sq., 78 sq., 161 sq., 188;
instituted by Demeter, 70
Eleusis, Demeter at, i. 36 sq.;
offerings of first-fruits at, 53 sqq.;
image of Demeter at, 64;
prayer for rain at, 69;
the Rarian plain at, 36, 70, 74, 234, ii. 15
Eleutherian games at Plataea, i. 80
Elijah, the prophet, i. 233
Elis, Dionysus at, i. 17
Elk treated with respect, ii. 240;
embryos of, not eaten, 243
Ellis, William, quoted, i. 312
Elopango, i. 237
Embodiment, human, of the corn-spirit, ii. 333
Emboq Sri, rice-bride, i. 200 sq.
Embryos of elk not eaten, ii. 243
Emetics used before eating new corn, ii. 73, 75sq., 76;
sacred, 74
Empedocles, his doctrine of transmigration, ii. 300sqq.;
his resemblance to Buddha, 302;
his theory of the material universe like that of Herbert Spencer, 303sqq.;
as a forerunner of Darwin, 306;
his posing as a god, 307
Enchanters of crops, foods forbidden to, i. 100
Encounter Bay tribe, i. 126
[pg 351]
Enemies, mutilation of dead, ii. 271sq.
Energy, the conservation of, ii. 226
En-jemusi, the, of East Africa, i. 118
Epiphany, i. 302
Epithets applied to Demeter, i. 63 sq.
Equinox, human sacrifice offered soon after the spring equinox, i. 239
Erigone and Icarius, ii. 133
Esquimaux, the Central, ii. 246;
dietary rules of, 84
—— of Baffin Land, ii. 257
—— of Bering Strait, i. 150, ii. 247, 272
—— of Hudson Bay, ii. 245sq.
Essex, hunting the wren in, ii. 320
Esthonia, i. 302
Esthonian reapers, i. 285;
peasants, their treatment of weevils, ii. 274
Esthonians, the, i. 298, 300, ii. 51
Etna, Mount, i. 57
Etymology, its uncertainty as a base for mythological theories, i. 41 n.
Eubuleus, ii. 19
Eubulus, i. 56
Eudoxus of Cnidus, i. 81, ii. 30
Eumolpids, i. 56
Eumolpus, i. 37, 70, 73
Euphorbus the Trojan, ii. 300
Europe, Corn-mother and Corn-maiden in Northern, i. 131 sqq.
Evolution and dissolution, ii. 305sq.
Ewe hunters, ii. 244
—— negroes, ii. 45, 115, 143, 149;
their festival of new yams, 58sqq.;
their belief as to the spirit-land, 105sq.;
their ceremonies after killing leopards, 228sqq.
Exclusion of strangers, i. 94, 111
Eyes shut at prayer, ii. 81;
of men eaten, 153;
of slaughtered animals cut out, 267sqq., 271;
of dead enemies gouged out, 271sq.
Faces of bear-hunters painted red and black, ii. 226;
blackened, i. 291, 299
Fady, taboo, ii. 46
Fafnir, the dragon, ii. 146
Falcon's eye used as charm, ii. 164
Faleshas, a Jewish sect, ii. 266n. 1
Fallow, thrice-ploughed, i. 66, 69;
lands allowed to lie, 117, 123
Fanning away ill luck, i. 10
Fans, the, of West Africa, ii. 140
Farmer's wife, pretence of threshing, i. 149 sq.
Farmers, propitiation of vermin by, ii. 274sqq.
Farnell, Dr. L. R., i. 3 n. 1, 15 n., 68 n. 1, ii. 2n. 9
Fast before eating new fruits, ii. 73sq., 76sq.
Fasting and continence, ii. 14
Fastnachtsbär, ii. 325
Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, ii. 162sq., 164, 165
Fatigue of the Horse, i. 294
Fauns, ii. 1sqq.
Feathers of cock mixed with seed-corn, i. 278;
of wren, virtue attributed to, ii. 319
Feet of enemies eaten, ii. 151
Felkin, Dr. R. W., ii. 314sq.
Fernando Po, ii. 174
Fertilising influence of the corn-spirit, i. 168
Festival before Ploughing (Proerosia), i. 51 sqq., 60;
of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, 63;
of the Threshing-floor (Haloa) at Eleusis, 60 sqq., 75;
of winter solstice, ii. 90;
of New Fire, 135;
of bladders among the Esquimaux, 247sqq.
Festivals of new yams, ii. 58sqq.
Fewkes, J. Walter, quoted, i. 312
Fez, orgiastic rites at, i. 21
Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, ii. 98sqq.
“Field of secret tillage,” ii. 57
Fields, miniature, dedicated to spirits, i. 233 sq.
Fife, harvest custom in, i. 227
Fifty-two years, Aztec cycle of, i. 310 sq.
Fig Dionysus, i. 4
—— trees, sacred wild, ii. 113
Fiji, sacrifice of first-fruits in, ii. 125
Finns, their propitiation of slain bears, ii. 223sq.
Fire not given out, i. 249;
god of, ii. 93;
made by friction of wood, 127, 136, 314;
purification by, 249;
not to be blown upon, 254;
festival of, ii. 135
“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, ii. 265, 266
Fire-sticks called “husband and wife,” ii. 65
Fires extinguished, ii. 73
Firing guns to repel demons, ii. 99
Firmicus Maternus, i. 13
First-fruits offered to Demeter, i. 46 sqq.;
offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, 53 sqq.;
offered to the sun, 237;
primitive reluctance to taste, ii. 6;
sacrament of, 48sqq.;
offered to goddess of agriculture, 56;
why savages scruple to eat the, 82sq.;
sacrifice of, 109sqq.;
presented to the king, 109, 116, 122;
offered to the spirits of the dead, 109sq., 111sqq., 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124sqq.
[pg 352]
Fish, sacred, ii. 26;
the first caught, sacrificed, 132;
not eaten, 140;
treated with respect by fishing tribes, 249sqq.;
compensated by fishermen, 252;
first of the season, treated ceremoniously, 253sqq.;
souls of dead in, 285, 291, 295
—— bones of, not burned, ii. 250, 251;
not to be broken, 255
Fison, Rev. Lorimer, quoted, ii. 125
Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, i. 149, 150
Flamen Dialis, inaugurates the vintage, ii. 133
Flax-mother, i. 133
Flesh of human victim eaten, i. 240, 244, 251;
buried in field, 248, 250
—— diet, homoeopathic magic of a, ii. 138sqq.
Flies, charms against, ii. 281;
souls of dead in, 290sq.
Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, ii. 85, 126
Flowery Dionysus, i. 4
Fly-catcher Zeus, ii. 282
Flying-fish, the first of the season, ii. 127
—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Folk-tales, tongues of wild beasts cut out in, ii. 269
Foods forbidden to enchanters of crops, i. 100;
certain, forbidden to meet in stomach of eater, ii. 83sqq.
Fool, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, ii. 330
—— -hen, heart of, not eaten, ii. 140
Foot, limping on one, i. 232, 284
Foucart, P., i. 32 n. 6
Foulahs of Senegambia, ii. 214
Fox, stuffed, i. 287, 297;
corn-spirit as, 296 sq.;
carried from house to house in spring, 297;
Koryak ceremony at killing a, ii. 223;
Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, 244, 267;
soul of dead in a, 286
Fox's tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268
—— tongue as amulet, ii. 270
Foxy Dionysus, ii. 282
France, harvest customs in, i. 135, 271, 275, 280, 295, 296;
hunting the wren in, ii. 320sq.
Franche-Comté, harvest customs in, i. 281, 286 sq.
Franken (Franconia), harvest customs in, i. 148
Friction of wood, fire made by, ii. 127, 136;
new fire made by, i. 311, ii. 74, 78;
sacred fire made by, 314
Frog, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Fruit-trees bound with Yule straw, i. 301;
Dionysus a god of, i. 3 sq.;
presided over by dead chiefs, ii. 125
Fruits and roots, wild, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, ii. 80sqq.
Fumigation as mode of cultivating moral virtues, ii. 166sq.
Funeral of caterpillars, ii. 279;
of dead snake, 317
Furnivall, J. S., i. 190 sq.
Gadbas, the, ii. 118
Galelareese, their burial custom, ii. 97
Galicia, harvest customs in, i. 135, 277
Gall-bladders, the seat of courage, ii. 145sq.
Gallas, the, ii. 154, 266n. 2, 270
Galloway, harvest customs in, i. 279
Game of ball played as a rite, ii. 76, 79
Games held by harvesters, i. 75 sqq.;
quadriennial period of Greek, 77 sqq.;
octennial period of Greek, 80;
in primitive agriculture, magical significance of, 92 sqq.;
played at the sowing festival among the Kayans, 94 sqq., 97 sq.;
played for the good of the crops, 101;
magical, 102;
athletic, ii. 66
—— the Eleusinian, i. 70 sqq., 110, 180
Gander's neck, name given to last standing corn, i. 268
Gaṇeṣa, ii. 56
Gaolis, the, i. 7
Gardner, Percy, quoted, i. 44
Gareloch, harvest customs on the, i. 157 sq., 218 n. 2, 268
Garos, the, of Assam, ii. 43n. 1, 116;
ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the, 337sqq.
Gayo-land, ii. 33
Gazelle Peninsula, i. 123
Gazelles, souls of dead in, ii. 289
Geminus, on the supposed influence of the stars, i. 318 sq.
Generalisations of science inadequate to cover all particular facts, ii. 37
Generation, male organ of, as emblem of Dionysus, i. 12;
effigy of male organ of, in Thracian ceremony, 26, 29
Genius, Aristotle on men of, ii. 302n. 5
—— or patron of animals, ii. 243
Genna, taboo, in Assam, i. 109 n. 2
Germans, the ancient, i. 129
Germany, the Corn-mother in, i. 132 sqq.;
cries of reapers in, 269;
the corn-spirit as an animal in, 271, 277, 279, 296, 300
Ghosts or demons deceived by dummies, ii. 96sqq.;
offerings to ancestral, 127;
of animals feared, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227sq., 229, 231sq., [pg 353] 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 267sq., 269, 271;
disabled by the mutilation of their bodies, 271sqq.
Gilgit, ii. 56
Gill, W. W., quoted, i. 312
Gilyak procession with bear, ii. 322, 325
—— shaman, ii. 103
Gilyaks, the, of Siberia, ii. 206, 238, 267;
their bear-festivals, 190sqq.
Ginger cultivated, i. 123
Girls sacrificed for the crops, i. 237, 239
Gnats, charm against, ii. 281
Goat in relation to Dionysus, i. 17 sq.;
sacrificed for human victim, 249;
corn-spirit as, 281 sqq., ii. 327;
the Cripple or Lame, i. 284;
killed on harvest-field, 285;
stuffed, 287;
killed at sowing, 288
—— and Athena, ii. 40sq.
—— -formed deities, ii. 1sqq.
—— live, torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 18, ii. 16
—— skin, mask of, i. 26;
worn by farmer at harvest, 285
—— skins, mummers clad in, i. 26 sqq.
Goat's neck, name given to last standing corn, i. 268
Goats torn to pieces by fanatics in Morocco, i. 21 sq.;
sacrificed to wolves, ii. 284
God, the Dying and Reviving, i. 1, 33;
killed in animal form, 22 sq.;
eating the, ii. 48sqq.
Gods, death and resurrection of, i. 1, 12 sqq.;
distinguished from spirits, 169;
in the likeness of foreigners, 236
Goldi, bear-festivals of the, ii. 197
—— shaman, ii. 103
Goldsmith, transmigration of thief into, ii. 299
Gonds, human sacrifices among the, i. 244
Good Friday, i. 33
—— Spirit, the, i. 206
Goose, to lose the, i. 277 n. 3
Gorillas, souls of dead in, ii. 289
Grandmother, name given to last sheaf, i. 136
Grapes, the last, not to be stript, i. 234 sq.
Grasshoppers, charm against, ii. 281
Grave of Dionysus, i. 14
Graves, sacrifices at, ii. 113;
false, to deceive demons, ii. 99sq.
Great Bassam, in Guinea, ii. 9
—— Eleusinian Games, i. 71, 79
—— Mother, the, name given to the last sheaf, i. 135 sq.
—— Mysteries of Eleusis, their date, i. 51
Great Sun, title of head chief of the Natchez, ii. 77sqq.
—— Vigil, i. 176
Greece, theory of the transmigration of souls in ancient, ii. 300
Greek divinities who died and rose again, i. 2;
farmers, their seasons for sowing and reaping, i. 318
—— months lunar, i. 52
—— summer rainless, i. 69
Green Corn Dance, ii. 76
—— Festival at Eleusis, i. 63
Greenlanders, the, ii. 246
Gregor, Rev. Walter, i. 158 sqq.
Gregory of Tours, ii. 281
Grey, Sir George, quoted, i. 127
Ground, last sheaf not allowed to touch the, i. 158, 159, 161
Guadacanal, island of, ii. 127
Guaranis, the, of Paraguay, i. 309
“Guardian gods” of the Hos, i. 234
Guardian-spirit, ii. 60;
of family, i. 121
—— spirits of American Indians, ii. 207
Guayaquil, in Ecuador, i. 236
Guaycurus of the Gran Chaco, i. 309
Guazacualco, ii. 259
Guiana, Indians of British, i. 120, ii. 236;
their animism, 204
Guinea-fowl gives signal for planting, i. 117
Guns fired to repel demons, ii. 99
Guré, a hobby-horse, ii. 337sq.
Haddon, Dr. A. C., i. 106 n. 1
Hadrian institutes games at Mantinea, i. 80
Hag (wrach), name given to last corn cut in Wales, i. 142 sqq.
Hahn, Theophilus, i. 317
Haida Indians, i. 20
Hair of slain foes, use made of, ii. 153
Halibut, the first of the season, treatment of, ii. 253
Hallowmas, i. 140
Halmahera, i. 183
Haloa, Attic festival, i. 60 sqq.
Hamstring of deer, custom of removing, ii. 266
Hamstringing dead animals, ii. 267, 271, 273
—— men to disable their ghosts, ii. 272, 273
Hand-marks, white, ii. 338
Hands of enemies eaten, ii. 151, 152
Hanover, harvest customs in, i. 133, 135, 283
Hare, corn-spirit as, i. 279 sq.
Hare-skin Indians, ii. 265
Hare's tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268
Hares not eaten, ii. 141
[pg 354]
Harran, sacrifices offered by the heathen of, i. 261 sq.
—— legend of Tammuz, i. 258
Harrison, Miss J. E., i. 5 n. 4, 60 n. 1, 62 n. 6
Harte, Bret, ii. 171n. 1
Hartland, E. S., i. 143 n. 1, 224 n. 4
Harvest, festival of the dead at the close of, ii. 110;
in Greece, date of, i. 48
—— -child, i. 151
—— -cock, i. 276, 277
—— -crown, i. 221, 277
—— -customs and spring customs compared, i. 167 sqq.
—— -goat, i. 282, 283
—— -man, i. 221
—— -mother, i. 135
—— -Queen, i. 146 sq.
—— -supper, i. 134, 138, 156, 157, 159 sq., 161 sq., 297;
sacramental character of, 303
—— -woman, i. 145
—— -wreath, i. 283
Harvesters, athletic competitions among, i. 76 sq.;
wrapt up in corn-stalks, 220 sqq.
Hawkie, i. 146, 147 n. 1
Hawks, revered by the Aino, ii. 200
Hay, Sir John Drummond, i. 179
Head of horse, ii. 42, 43n. 1, 337
—— -hunting, human, i. 240 sqq.;
practice of, 256
Headlam, Walter, i. 2 n. 1
Heads shaved, ii. 161
Heart of Dionysus, the sacred, i. 13, 14, 15;
of human victim torn out, ii. 92;
of lion or leopard eaten to make the eater brave, 142sq.;
of water-ousel eaten in order to acquire wisdom and eloquence, 144;
of bear eaten to acquire courage, 146;
of serpent eaten to acquire language of animals, 146;
of wolf eaten to acquire courage, 146;
regarded as the seat of intellect, 149
Hearts of men sacrificed, i. 236;
of crows, moles, or hawks eaten, ii. 143;
of men eaten to acquire their qualities, 148sqq.
Heaven-herds among the Zulus, ii. 160
Hebrews forbidden to reap corners of fields and glean, last grapes, i. 234 sq.
Heckewelder, Rev. J., quoted, ii. 205sq.
Hedgehog, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Hemithea, sanctuary of, ii. 85
Hen, heart of, not eaten, ii. 142, 147;
hens not eaten, ii. 140
Henna, image of Demeter at, i. 65
Hephaestius, a Greek month, i. 46 n. 2
Heraeon, a Greek month, ii. 7
Heralds and tongues, ii. 271
Hercules and Busiris, i. 259
Hercules and Lityerses, i. 217
—— and Syleus, i. 258
—— and Zeus, ii. 172
—— surnamed Locust, ii. 282
Hermes, tongues of victims assigned to, ii. 270
Herrick, i. 147 n. 1
Herring, superstitions as to, ii. 251sq.
Hertfordshire, “crying the Mare,” in, i. 292 sq.
Hervey Islands, i. 312
Hesiod on time for ploughing, i. 45;
on time of vintage, 47 n. 2;
on the farmer's calendar, 53
Hierapolis on the Euphrates, ii. 23
Hierophant at Eleusis, i. 55, 65
Highlands of Scotland, beating the cow's hide in the, ii. 322sqq.
Himerius, on the gift of the corn, i. 58
Hindoos, sacrifice of first-fruits among the ancient, ii. 119sq.
Hippolytus and Virbius, ii. 40
—— on mysteries of Eleusis, i. 38
Hippopotamus, ceremony after killing a, ii. 235
Hippopotamuses, souls of dead in, ii. 289
Hockey cart, i. 147 n. 1
Hodson, T. C., i. 109 n. 2
Hoeing, rites at, i. 96;
done by women, 113 sq.
Hoensbroech, Count von, ii. 94
Hoes used by women in agriculture, i. 114, 115, 116, 118, 119
Hoggan, Frances, i. 267
Hogmanay, the last day of the year, ii. 323
Holiness conceived as a dangerous virus, ii. 29
Hollis, A. C., ii. 155
Homer on Demeter, i. 41 sq.;
on loves of Zeus and Demeter, 66;
on gods in likeness of foreigners, 236
Homeric Greeks, ii. 270
—— Hymn to Demeter, i. 35 sqq.
Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 62, 262, ii. 267, 331, 333, 334;
of a flesh diet, ii. 138sqq.
Honduras, Indians of, ii. 241
Hone, W., quoted, i. 264 sq.
Hop-picking, custom at, i. 226
Horned Dionysus, i. 12, 16
Horse, “seeing the Horse,” i. 294;
“Cross of the Horse,” 294;
“fatigue of the Horse,” 294;
sacrificed to Mars at Rome, ii. 42sqq.;
ceremony of the, at rice-harvest among the Garos, 337sqq.
—— and Virbius, ii. 40sqq.
—— -headed Demeter of Phigalia, ii. 21, 338
—— or mare, corn-spirit as, i. 292 sqq.
[pg 355]
Horse-races, i. 71, ii. 114;
at harvest, i. 76
Horse's head, ii. 42, 43n. 1, 337sq.
Horses, Lycurgus torn to pieces by, i. 24;
excluded from Arician grove, ii. 40sqq.;
excluded from sanctuaries, 45sq.
Horus, eye of, ii. 30
Hos of Togoland, the, i. 130, 234, ii. 59;
a tribe of Ewe negroes, i. 115, 116;
of Bengal, ii. 117
Hottentots, the, i. 316 sq.
Huahine, island of, ii. 132
Huichol Indians, the, ii. 93
Huitzilopochtli, a Mexican god, ii. 86, 90, 95
Human beings torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 24
Human sacrifices for crops, i. 236 sqq.;
offered by ancient Egyptians, 259 sq.;
in Mexico, ii. 88
—— victims, substitutes for, i. 249;
treated as divine, 250
Hunters, propitiation of wild animals by, ii. 204sqq.;
of grisly bears, chastity observed by, 226
Hunting the wren, ii. 317sqq.
Hurons, the, ii. 250sq.
Huts, miniature, for ghosts, ii. 113
Huzuls, the, of the Carpathians, ii. 43n. 1, 275
Hyaenas, souls of dead in, ii. 289
Hyes Attes, ii. 22
Hymn to Demeter, Homeric, i. 35 sqq., 70
Ialysus in Rhodes, ii. 45
Iasion and Demeter, i. 208
Ibans (Sea Dyaks) of Sarawak, ii. 279
Iberians, the, i. 129
Icarius and Erigone, ii. 133
Ichneumon, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Ida Batara, i. 202
Idah, ii. 228
Ideler, L., i. 86
Igaras of the Niger, ii. 228
Igbiras, the, ii. 115
Igorrots of the Philippines, ii. 292
Image of god made of dough and eaten sacramentally, ii. 86sqq., 90sq.;
of snake carried about, 316sq.
Images of ancestors, ii. 53;
of animals sacrificed instead of the animals, 95n. 2;
vicarious use of, 96sqq.;
of gods, suggested origin of, 173sq.;
of vermin made as a protection against them, 280sq.
Imitation of spirits, i. 186
Immortality, hope of, associated with Eleusinian mysteries, i. 90 sq.
—— of animals, savage faith in the, ii. 260sqq.
Immortality of soul revealed in mysteries of Dionysus, i. 15
Inachi, an offering of first-fruits, ii. 128, 131
Inao, sacred wands of the Aino, ii. 185, 186n., 189
Inari, Japanese rice-god, i. 297
Incantations for growth of crops, i. 100
Incas, the, i. 310
India, the last sheaf of corn in, 222 sq.;
doctrine of the transmigration of souls in ancient, ii. 298sq.
Indian Archipelago, the, i. 124
Indians of British Columbia, their cannibal orgies, i. 18 sq.;
of South America, women's agricultural work among the, 119 sqq.
Indonesian ideas of rice-soul, i. 181 sq.
Indra, Indian god, ii. 120
Ingiald, son of King Aunund, ii. 146
Inoculation with moral and other virtues, ii. 158sqq.
Inscription, Eleusinian, dealing with first-fruits, i. 55 sq.
Intercalation in Greek calendar, i. 81
Invulnerability, ii. 160
Iowa Indians, ii. 217
Irayas, the, of Luzon, ii. 124
Ireland, hunting the wren in, ii. 319sq.
Iron axe, use of, forbidden, ii. 248
Iroquois, their sacrifice of a white dog, ii. 258n. 1
Isilimela, the Pleiades, i. 316
Isis, i. 262;
dirge of, 215;
at Tithorea, festivals of, ii. 18n. 1;
in relation to cows, 35
Islay, harvest customs in, i. 141 sq.
Isle de France, harvest customs in, i. 221, 226
Isle of Man, hunting the wren in the, ii. 318sq.
Isocrates, on Demeter's gift of the corn, i. 54 sq.
Isowa or Aïsawa, order of saints in Morocco, i. 21
Israelites, their brazen serpent, ii. 281
Isthmian games, i. 86
Italy, vintage custom in, ii. 133
Ivy Girl, i. 153
Jabme-Aimo, the abode of the dead, ii. 257
Jackal, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Jackal's heart not eaten, ii. 141
Jacob, the wrestling of, ii. 264
—— of Edessa, 280 n.
Jaguars eaten to inspire courage, ii. 140;
Ja-luo, the, Nilotic negroes, ii. 142
Jankari, a god, i. 244
Japan, rice-god in, i. 297
Japanese deities of the Sun, i. 212
[pg 356]
Jatakas, ii. 299n. 5
Java, use of winnowing-basket in, i. 6;
ceremony at rice-harvest in, 199 sqq.
Jawbones of slain beasts propitiated by hunters, ii. 244sq.
Jebel-Nuba, ii. 221
Jewish high priest, ii. 27
Jews, their attitude to the pig, ii. 23sq.;
their ablutions, 27
Jochelson, W., ii. 232
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, ii. 322
Jukos, the, of Nigeria, ii. 160
Julbuck in Scandinavia, ii. 327
Jumping over a woman, ceremony of, ii. 64, 70n. 1, 253
Jupiter, lamb sacrificed to, at vintage, ii. 133
Kachins, the, of Upper Burma, ii. 120
Kai, the, of German New Guinea, i. 99 sqq., 313, ii. 33;
their belief in transmigration, 296
Kaimani Bay, i. 123
Kalamantans of Borneo, ii. 293sq.
Kalmucks, their consecration of a white ram, ii. 313sq.
Kamilaroi, the, of New South Wales, ii. 151, 162;
burial custom of the, 99sq.
Kamtchatka, ii. 195
Kamtchatkans, the, i. 315, ii. 257, 268;
their propitiation of slain animals, 222
Kandhs or Khonds. See Khonds
Kangean archipelago, ii. 278
Kansas Indians, ii. 149
Karels of Finland, the, ii. 258n. 2
Karens of Burma, i. 10;
their ceremonies to secure the rice-soul, 189 sq.
Karo-Bataks of Sumatra, i. 196
Karoks of California, ii. 255
Kashim, ii. 247
Kaua Indians, i. 111
Kavirondo, ii. 26
Kayans or Bahaus, the, of central Borneo, i. 92 sqq., 107, 109, 111, 234, 314, ii. 54;
their ceremonies in connexion with rice, 184 sqq.;
their custom as to eating deer, ii. 144;
their belief in transmigration, 293
—— of the Mahakam river, i. 186
—— of the Mendalam river, i. 97, 98
Kei Islands, ii. 123
Kekchis of Guatemala, ii. 241
Kelah, soul, i. 189
Kemping, i. 152
Kent, harvest custom in, i. 153
Kenyahs, the, of Borneo, i. 314
Key of the field, i. 226
Khön-ma, a Tibetan goddess, ii. 96
Khonds or Kandhs, human sacrifices for crops among the, i. 245 sqq.
Kid, surname of Dionysus, i. 17
Kikuyu, i. 317
Killing a god in the form of an animal, i. 22 sq.;
two types of the custom of, ii. 312sq.
—— the corn-spirit, i. 216 sqq.
—— the divine animal, ii. 169sqq.
Kimbunda, the, of West Africa, ii. 152
King, title of Carnival mummer, i. 28 sq.;
eats of new fruits before his people, ii. 63, 70;
first-fruits presented to the, 109, 116, 122;
so called, at Carcassone, 320sq.
—— of the Calf, i. 290
—— of the harvesters, i. 294
—— of the Rice, i. 197
King's son sacrificed for his father, i. 13, 24 sq.
Kings, trace of custom of slaying them annually, i. 254 sq.;
turned at death into lions, ii. 288
Kings' wives turned at death into leopards, ii. 288
Kingsmill Islands, ii. 127
Kinross, harvest custom in, i. 227
Kinship of men with crocodiles, ii. 212sq., 214sq.;
of men with tigers, 216
Kirn or kern, last corn cut, i. 151, 152 sqq.;
name of the harvest-supper, 158
—— -baby, i. 151, 153
—— -doll, i. 151, 153, 154
—— -supper, i. 154
Kiwaii, i. 106
Kiziba, district of Central Africa, i. 118, ii. 219
Klöppel (mallet), at threshing, i. 148
Kobeua Indians, the, i. 111, ii. 164
Kochs of Assam, ii. 116
Kon-Meney, a tribe of Cochin China, ii. 291
Koragia at Mantinea, i. 46 n. 2
Kore, title of Persephone, i. 208
Koryak, their ceremonies at killing bears and wolves, ii. 223;
their ceremonies at the slaughter of whales, 232sqq.;
their treatment of a slain fox, 244
Kothluwalawa, a sacred lake, ii. 179
Krooben, a malevolent spirit, ii. 100
Kruyt, A. C., i. 182 sq.
Kshetrpal, a Himalayan deity, ii. 117
Kudulu, a hill tribe of India, i. 244
Kuker and Kukerica, ii. 332, 333, 334
Κυκεών, i. 161 n. 4
Kukis, the, ii. 155n. 4
Kull Gossaih, an Indian goddess, ii. 118
Kwakiutl Indians, i. 20, ii. 220, 250
La Ciotat, near Marseilles, hunting the wren at, ii. 321
Ladakh, ii. 117
Lagos, human sacrifice at, i. 239
Lake-dwellers of Europe, i. 132
Lamb killed sacramentally, ii. 314sq.
[pg 357]
Lame, woman who pretends to be, ii. 254
—— Goat, the, i. 284
Lamentations, pretended, for insects which destroy the crops, ii. 279sq.
Lampsacus, coin of, i. 44
Land cleared for cultivation by men, i. 113 sq., 117 sqq.
Landowners, sacrifices offered to spirits of former, i. 228
Lang, Andrew, ii. 4
Language of animals acquired by eating serpent's flesh, ii. 146;
of birds, how learned, 146
Lanuvium, sacred serpent at, ii. 18
Laos, province of Siam, i. 8
Laphystian Zeus, i. 25
Lapps, the, ii. 257;
their treatment of slain bears, 224
Latuka, ii. 228
Laws of Manu, ii. 298
Leaf-clad dancers, i. 95
Leaps, high and long, i. 98;
to make the crops grow tall, ii. 330sq.
Learchus, son of Athamas, i. 24
Leeches, charm against, ii. 281
Legends told as charms, i. 102 sq.
Lenaeon, a Greek month, i. 66
Lengua Indians of Paraguay, i. 309;
of the Gran Chaco, ii. 245
Lenormant, François, i. 40 n. 3
Leonard, Major A. G., ii. 155
Leopard's blood drunk, or its flesh or heart eaten to make the eater brave, ii. 141sq.
Leopards, men inspired by, ii. 213;
revered, 228;
ceremonies observed after the slaughter of, 228sqq.;
Lepers sacrificed, i. 261
Leprosy caused by eating a sacred animal, ii. 25sqq.
Lesbos, harvest custom in, i. 280
Letts, swinging among the, i. 107;
their sacrifices to wolves, ii. 284
Lhoosai, the, i. 122
Lhota Naga, the, i. 243
Libanius, on human life before Demeter, i. 43
Libations of beer, ii. 181, 185, 186
Liber, Father, i. 12;
Roman sacrifice of new wine to, ii. 133
License, periods of, ii. 62, 63, 66sqq.
Lightning, eating flesh of bullock that has been struck by, ii. 161;
treatment of men, animals, and houses that have been struck by, 161
Liknites, epithet of Dionysus, i. 5, 27
Lillooet Indians, ii. 226, 243
Limping on one foot, i. 232, 284
Lindus in Rhodes, ii. 85
Linus or Ailinus, i. 216, 257 sq., 263, 264
Lion-chief, ii. 228
Lion's fat, unguent of, ii. 164
—— flesh or heart eaten to make eater brave, ii. 141, 142sq., 147
Lions, men inspired by, ii. 213;
respected, 228;
souls of dead chiefs in, 287sq.
Lir majoran, god of husbandry, ii. 123
Lithuania, ii. 327;
harvest customs in, i. 133, 145, 148;
custom at threshing in, 223 sq.;
old Lithuanian ceremonies at eating the new corn, ii. 49sq.
Little Deer, chief of the deer tribe, ii. 241
—— Wood-woman, i. 232
Lityerses, i. 216 sqq.;
his relation to Attis, 255 sq.
Liver of deer eaten, ii. 143;
of dog eaten to acquire bravery, 145;
of serpent eaten to acquire language of animals, 146;
regarded as the seat of the soul, 147sq.;
regarded as the seat of valour, 148;
of brave men eaten, 151sq.;
of bear, used as medicine, 187sq.
Ljeschie, Russian wood-spirits, ii. 2
Loaf made of corn of last sheaf, i. 148 sq.
Loaves in shape of a boar, i. 300;
in human shape, ii. 48sq., 94, 95
Lobeck, Chr. A., ii. 17n. 5, 18n. 1, 20, 21
Lochaber, harvest customs in, i. 157
Locust Apollo, ii. 282
—— Hercules, ii. 282
Locusts, superstitious precautions against, ii. 276, 279, 281
Lombok, rice-spirit in, i. 201
Lothringen (Lorraine), harvest customs in, i. 223, 273, 288
Loucheux-Indians, ii. 265
Louisiana, festival of new corn in, ii. 77sqq.;
Lous, a Macedonian month, i. 258, 259
Lucian, old scholium on, ii. 17
Lumi lali, consecrated rice-field, i. 93, 108
Lunar calendar corrected by observation of the Pleiades, i. 314 sq., 315 sq.
—— months observed by savages, i. 117, 125
—— months of Greek calendar, i. 52 sq., 82
—— and solar time, attempts to harmonise, i. 80 sq.
Luritcha tribe of Australia, ii. 260
Luzon, ii. 124
Lyceum or Place of Wolves at Athens, ii. 283, 284
Lycosura, in Arcadia, ii. 46;
sanctuary of the two goddesses at, 339
[pg 358]
Lycurgus, a Thracian king, his death, i. 24, 25
Mabuaig, i. 106, ii. 207
M'Carthy, Sir Charles, ii. 149
Macdonald, Rev. James, ii. 66sq.
Maclagan, Dr. R. C., i. 165, 166
McClintock, Walter, i. 311
Macpherson, Major S. C., i. 250
McTaggart, Dr. J. McT. Ellis, ii. 309n. 1
Madagascar, ii. 116;
crocodiles respected in, 214sq.;
belief in transmigration among the tribes of, 289sq.
Madder-harvest, Dutch custom at, i. 231, 235 sq.
Madi or Moru tribe of Central Africa, ii. 314
Madonna, effigies of, sold and eaten, ii. 94
Maggots eaten as an initiatory rite, ii. 141
Magic dwindles into divination, i. 110 n.;
sympathetic, 1, 11, 102, ii. 271;
homoeopathic or imitative, i. 10, 62, 262, 267, 331, 333, 334;
of a flesh diet, 138 sqq.
Magical changes of shape, i. 305
—— significance of games in primitive agriculture, i. 92 sqq.
Magnesia on the Maeander, i. 3;
sacrifice of bull at, ii. 7sq.
Magpies' nests, custom of robbing the, ii. 321n. 3
Magyar tale, ii. 263
Mahakam River, i. 98, 99 n. 1, 186, 187, 314
Mai Darat, the, ii. 102
Maiden, name given to last corn cut, i. 150, 153, 155 sqq., 164 sqq.
—— Feast at end of harvest, i. 156
Maidenhead, name of last standing corn, i. 158
Maidhdean-buain, i. 155
Maize cultivated in Africa, i. 114, 115, 119, 130;
cultivated in South America, 122, 124;
cultivated in Assam, 123;
American personification of, 171 sqq.;
cultivated in Burma, 242;
thought to be dependent on the Pleiades, 310
—— -goddess, Mexican, i. 176
—— -mother, i. 172 sqq.
Makalaka, the, ii. 110
Makanga, the, ii. 287
Malagasy, the, venerate crocodiles, ii. 215
Malas, the, a caste of pariahs, ii. 93
Malay Peninsula, the Rice-mother in the, i. 197 sqq.
Malays of Patani Bay, ii. 212
Male organ, effigy of, in rites of Dionysus, i. 12;
effigy of, in Thracian ceremony, 26, 29
Malko-Tirnovsko, ii. 331
Mandans, the, i. 204
Mandeling, a district of Sumatra, i. 197, ii. 216
Maneros, i. 215, 258, 259, 261, 263, 264
Mang-Shen, god of agriculture, ii. 11, 12
Mango tree, ii. 119
Mania, the Mother or Grandmother of Ghosts, ii. 94, 96
Maniae, a kind of loaf, ii. 94
Manii at Aricia, many, ii. 94sqq.
Manioc cultivated in Africa, i. 119;
cultivated in South America, 120 sqq.
Mannewars, the, ii. 119
Mannhardt, W., i. 11, 131, 132, 135, 138, 204, 217 n. 1, 218 n. 1, 222, 258, 292, 294, ii. 2, 42n. 1, 263, 325, 337
Manslayers taste the blood of their victims, ii. 154sq.
Mantinea, sanctuary of Demeter at, i. 46 n. 2;
games in honour of Antinous at, 80, 85
Manu, Laws of, ii. 298
Manure, ashes used as, i. 117
Many Manii at Aricia, ii. 94sqq.
Maoris, the, i. 313, ii. 133, 156, 252
Maraves, the, ii. 111
March, the first of, ii. 322n.
Mare in foal, last sheaf of corn given to, i. 160, 162, 168
—— or horse, corn-spirit as, i. 292 sqq.
Marimos, human sacrifices among the, i. 240, 251
Mariner, W., quoted, ii. 128sqq.
Marno, E., ii. 39
Marriage, mock, at Carnival masquerade, i. 27;
of Queen of Athens to Dionysus, 30 sq.;
sacred, of Zeus and Demeter in Eleusinian mysteries, 65 sqq.;
of mice, ii. 278
Mars, red-haired men sacrificed to the planet, i. 261 sq.;
horse sacrificed to, at Rome, ii. 42
Masai, the, i. 317, ii. 83, 288
Masked dances, i. 95 sq., 111, 186, ii. 208n. 1;
in ritual, 339
Masks worn by Egyptian kings, i. 260 sq.;
worn by women, ii. 232sq., 234;
worn by mummers at Carnival, 333
Maskers in Thrace at Carnival, i. 26 sqq.
Maspero, Sir G., i. 260 n. 2
Masquerade at sowing festival, i. 95 sq., 98, 186 sq.
Master of the Fish, ii. 252
Matabelé, the, i. 115, ii. 275;
their festival of new fruits, 70sq.
Matse tribe of Ewe negroes, ii. 115
Matthes, Dr. B. F., ii. 122
Mausolus, ii. 158
[pg 359]
Mawu Sodza, a Ewe goddess, ii. 115
May, J. D., ii. 281n. 2
May, the first of, ii. 321n. 3
Maypole, ii. 44
“Meal and ale,” i. 160
Meat and milk, dietary rules as to, ii. 83sq.
Mecklenburg, harvest customs in, i. 273, 274, 283
Medea and Aeson, ii. 143
dance of, 72
Medium inspired by crocodile spirit, ii. 213;
mediums inspired by spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents, 213
Medontids, the, i. 86
Megara, ii. 17n. 6
Meilichios, epithet of Dionysus, i. 4
Melancholy, characteristic of men of genius, ii. 302n. 5
Melanesians, their observation of the Pleiades, i. 313
Mell, last corn cut, i. 151 sq.
—— -doll, i. 151
—— -sheaf, i. 151 sq.
—— -supper, i. 151
Men, parts of, eaten to acquire their qualities, ii. 148sqq.;
disguised as animals, processions of, 325sqq.
Mendalam River, i. 97, 98, 187
Menstruous women, disability of, ii. 253sq.
Meriah, the human victim among the Khonds, i. 245, 246, 249, 250
Metageitnion, an Attic month, i. 77
“Metropolis of the Corn,” i. 58
Mexican custom of eating a man as an embodiment of a god, ii. 92sq.
—— customs at maize-harvest, i. 174 sqq.
—— human sacrifices, i. 236 sqq.
—— sacraments, ii. 86sqq.
Meyer, Prof. E., i. 260 n. 2
Mhaighdean-Bhuana (or Maighdean-Buana), i. 156, 164 sq.
Miamis, the, i. 206
Mice, the genius of, ii. 243;
superstitious precautions taken by farmers against, 276sqq., 281;
superstition as to white, 279, 283;
their ravages on the crops, 282
Midas, King of Phrygia, i. 217
Middleton, J. H., i. 14 n. 3, 266
Midsummer solstice, rainmaking ceremony performed at the, ii. 179
Mildew worshipped by the Romans, ii. 282
—— Apollo, ii. 282
Milk, taboos referring to, ii. 83sq.;
temporary abstinence from, 161;
offered to snakes, 288
Milk and meat (flesh), dietary rules as to, ii. 83sq.
Mill, Tammuz, ground in a, i. 258
Millet cultivated in Africa, i. 115, 117;
cultivated in Assam, 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123
Milton, quoted, i. 147
Minangkabauers of Sumatra, i. 191, ii. 211
Miniature fields dedicated to spirits, i. 233 sq.
Minnetaree Indians, i. 204, ii. 256
Minotaur, the, i. 31
Miris of Assam, the, i. 123, ii. 145
Mirzapur, remedy for locusts in, ii. 276
Mistress, sanctuary of the, at Lycosura, ii. 46
Mithraic sacrifice of bull, ii. 10
Mnevis, sacred bull, ii. 34sq.
Moab, Arabs of, i. 138
Mock battle, ii. 75.
See Sham Fight
Mocobis, the, i. 309
Moffat, R., i. 316
Monbuttoo, the, of Central Africa, i. 119
Mondard, the great, ii. 6
Mongolian peoples, ii. 257
Monkeys sacred at Fishtown, ii. 287
Months, lunar, observed by savages, i. 117, 125;
of Greek calendar, 52 sq., 82
Moon, reckoning by the, i. 117;
human victims sacrificed to, 261;
pigs sacrificed to the, ii. 25
Mooney, J., quoted, ii. 204sq.
Mopane country, South Africa, ii. 287
Moravia, harvest custom in, i. 162
Morgan, L. H., ii. 225n. 1
Morning Star, the, i. 238, 315
Morocco, order of saints in, i. 21;
the Barley Bride in, 178 sq.
Mosquito Indians, ii. 258n. 2
Mother, the Great, name given to the last sheaf, i. 135 sq.;
of the Maize, 172 sqq.;
of the Rice, 191 sqq.
—— -corn, name given to last sheaf threshed, i. 147
—— -cotton, i. 178
—— Earth, ii. 105
—— -sheaf, i. 135
Moulton, Professor J. H., i. 41 n., 131 n. 4
Mountains, offerings to the, ii. 134
Mourning, pretended, for insects that destroy the crops, ii. 279sq.
Mouse Apollo, ii. 282sq.
See Mice
Mouth of dead fox tied up, ii. 267
Mpongwe, the, i. 119
Muganda (singular of Baganda, plural), ii. 231
Mukasa, god of the Baganda, ii. 253
[pg 360]
Mull, harvest custom in, i. 155
Mulungu, spirits of the dead, ii. 111sq.
Murray, Miss Margaret A., i. 260 sq.
Murray, Sir James, i. 151 n. 3
Muskoghees, the, ii. 150
Mutilation of dead men intended to disable their ghosts, ii. 271sqq.;
of ox, magical equivalent to mutilation of enemy, 271
Muzimos, spirits of the dead, ii. 111
Myconus, i. 66
Myres, Professor J. L., i. 62 n. 5
Mysteries at Mantinea, i. 46 n. 2
—— Eleusinian, i. 35, 37 sqq., 65 sqq., 69 sq., 78 sq., 111, 161 sq., 188;
the Great, their date, 51;
instituted by Eumolpus, 70;
associated with belief in immortality, 90 sq.;
of Dionysus, 15;
Greek, i. 110
Nagas of Assam, their burial custom, ii. 100;
their belief in transmigration, 290sq.
Nahals, the, ii. 119
Namaquas, the, ii. 141
Nandi, the, i. 117, 317, ii. 64, 149, 155
Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 125
Naples protected against flies and grasshoppers, ii. 281
Narrative spells, i. 104 sqq.
Natchez Indians, ii. 135;
their festival of new corn, 77sqq.
Natural timekeepers, i. 53
Nauras Indians, ii. 150
Navel-string, term applied to last handful of corn, i. 150
Neck, crying the, i. 264 sqq.
—— of the corn-spirit, i. 268
Neil, R. A., ii. 22n. 4
Nemean games, i. 86
Nets treated as living beings, ii. 240n. 1
New corn, eaten sacramentally, ii. 48sqq.
festival of, 135
—— fruits, ceremonies at eating, ii. 52sqq.
—— potatoes, how eaten, ii. 51
—— rice, ceremonies at eating the, ii. 54sqq.
—— vessels used for new fruits, ii. 81, 83
—— yams, ceremonies at eating, ii. 53, 58sqq.;
festival of the, 115;
in Tonga, festival of the, 128sqq.
—— Britain, i. 123
—— Caledonia, ii. 151;
ceremony at eating first yams in, 53
—— Guinea, i. 313, ii. 124;
German, i. 99, 103, 104;
Dutch, 123
—— Hebrides, i. 313, ii. 125
—— Zealand, ii. 28
New Year festival of the Kayans, i. 96 sq., 98, 99;
dated by the Pleiades, 116, 310, 312, 315
—— Year's Day, i. 302;
eve of, ii. 322
Niam-Niam, the, i. 119
Nias, i. 315, ii. 32, 102, 124, 276;
harvest custom in, i. 233 sq.
Nicaragua, festivals in, ii. 91
Nicolson, A., i. 164 sq.
Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., i. 93, 94 n. 2, 95, 96, 97 sq., 98, 107
Niger Delta, burial custom in the, ii. 98
Nilsson, Professor M. P., i. 58 n. 1, 62 n. 6, ii. 8n. 2
Nine, the number, in ritual, i. 195
Nisan, a Jewish month, i. 259 n. 1
Nishga Indians, the, ii. 106
Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, i. 12 sq.
Normandy, harvest customs in, i. 226, 295
North American Indians, ii. 237;
their theory of the lower animals, 205sq.
Northumberland, harvest customs in, i. 151
Norway, harvest customs in, i. 132, 223, 225, 280, 282
Nubas, the, of Jebel-Nuba, ii. 114
Nuehr, the, ii. 39
Nyanja-speaking tribes, ii. 26
Nyanza, Lake Victoria, i. 118
Nyikplă, a negro rain-god, ii. 45
Oath of women by the Pleiades, i. 311
Oaths accompanied by eating a sacred substance, ii. 313
Oats-bride, i. 162, 163, 164
—— -cow, i. 289, 290
—— -fool, i. 148
—— -goat, i. 270, 282, 283, 286, 287;
mummer called the, ii. 327
—— -king, i. 164
—— -man, i. 163, 223
—— -mother, i. 135
—— -queen, i. 164
—— -sow, i. 298
—— -stallion, i. 292
—— -wolf, i. 273, 274
—— -woman, i. 163
Obscene songs sung by women on special occasions, ii. 280
Octennial cycle in Greek calendar, i. 80 sqq.
—— period of Greek games, i. 80
—— tenure of kingship, i. 82, 85
October horse, at Rome, ii. 42sqq.
Oesel, island of, i. 298, 302, ii. 51
Ogun, a war-god, ii. 150
Oil, human victim anointed with, i. 246, 247;
holy, ii. 123
Ointment, magical, ii. 165sq.
Ojibway Indians, ii. 219;
their treatment of slain bears, ii. 225sq.
[pg 361]
Okanaken Indians, ii. 134
Olachen fish, ceremonies at catching the first of the season, ii. 254sq.
Old animal, bone of, eaten to make eater old, ii. 143
—— Barley-woman, i. 139
—— Calabar, ii. 108
—— Corn-woman at threshing, i. 147
—— Man, name given to the last sheaf, i. 136 sqq., 218 sqq.;
at threshing, 148 sq.
—— Potato Woman, i. 145
—— Rye-woman, i. 139, 140, 145, 223, 224, 232
—— Wheat-woman, i. 139
—— Wife (Cailleach), name given to last corn cut, i. 140 sqq., 164 sqq.
—— Witch, burning the, i. 224
—— Woman, name given to last sheaf, i. 136 sq., 147, 223;
Cherokee personification of corn, 177
—— Woman who Never Dies, i. 204 sq.
—— Women as representatives of the Corn-goddess, i. 125
Oloh Ngadju, the, ii. 100
Olympia, Pelops at, ii. 85
Olympiads, beginning of reckoning by, i. 82
Olympic games, i. 80, 86
Omagua Indians of Brazil, i. 309
Omaha Indians, ii. 25, 29, 207, 269, 272
Omambos, the, ii. 149
Omen, beasts and birds of, ii. 143
Omuongo tree, ii. 71
Onitsha, on the Niger, ii. 58;
funeral custom at, 98sq.
Opium, i. 242
Oraons, human sacrifices among the, i. 244 sq.;
of Bengal, ii. 117
Organs of generation, male and female, cakes in shape of, i. 62;
effigies of male, 12, 26, 29
Origin of agriculture, i. 128 sq.;
of astronomy, 307
Orinoco, Indians of the, i. 124, 310, ii. 150, 236
Orion, the constellation, i. 315
Orion's belt, i. 313, 315, 317
—— sword, i. 317
Orotchis, bear-festivals of the, ii. 197
Osculati, G., ii. 285
Osiris, i. 214, 215, 259 sqq.;
his relation to Dionysus, 3, 32;
human sacrifices at grave of, 260;
black and green, 263;
key to mysteries of, 263;
and the pig, ii. 24sqq.;
in relation to sacred bulls, 34sqq.;
false graves of, 100;
his missing member, 264
Ostiaks, their ceremonies at killing bears, ii. 222sq.
Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, ii. 245
Otawa totem clans, ii. 225n. 1
Otter's head, Aino custom as to eating, ii. 144
Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, ii. 239
Ounce, ceremony at killing an, ii. 235
Ovambo, the, ii. 71;
their worship of the dead, 109sq.
Ox, corn-spirit as, i. 288 sqq.;
killed on harvest field, 290;
slaughtered at threshing, 291 sq.;
sacrificed at the Bouphonia, ii. 5;
as representative of the corn-spirit, 9sqq.;
effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, 10sqq.;
Bechuana sacrifice of a black, 271;
sacrificed to boa-constrictor, 290
—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, i. 30 sq.
—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, i. 31
Oxen used in ploughing, i. 129 n. 1
Pains in back at reaping, i. 285
Palenques, the, of South America, ii. 221
Palestine, wild boars in, ii. 31sq.
Panathenaic games at Athens, i. 80
Panes, a bird-feast, ii. 170
Panopeus, i. 48
Pans in relation to goats, ii. 1sqq.
Papuans, the, i. 123, ii. 145;
their belief in the transmigration of souls, 295
Paradoxurus, souls of dead in various species of, ii. 294
Pardon of animal asked before killing it, ii. 183
Parian chronicler, i. 70
Paris protected against dormice and serpents, ii. 281
Parrots, assimilation of men to, ii. 208
Partridge, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Pasiphae and the Minotaur, i. 31
Pastoral stage of society, ii. 35, 37
—— tribes, animal sacraments among, ii. 313
Patani Bay, ii. 212
Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, i. 238 sq.
Peacock as a totem, ii. 29;
transmigration of sinner into, 299
Pea-mother, i. 132, 135
Peas-cow, i. 290
—— -pug, i. 272
Pelew Islanders, ii. 293
—— Islands, burial custom in the, ii. 98
Pelops at Olympia, ii. 85;
his restoration to life, 263
Pembrokeshire, harvest customs in, i. 142 sqq.;
cutting “the neck” in, 267;
hunting the wren in, ii. 320
[pg 362]
Pentheus, death of, i. 24, 25
Pergamus, ii. 85
Permanence of simpler forms of religion, ii. 335
Persephone, mother of Zagreus by Zeus, i. 12;
rape of, 36;
a personification of the corn, 39 sq.;
in art, 43 sq.;
the descent of, 46, ii. 17;
associated with the ripe ears of corn, 58;
in Greek art, 88sq.
—— and Demeter, i. 35 sqq.
—— and Pluto, ii. 9
Personification of corn as mother and daughter, i. 130, 207 sqq.
Perthshire, harvest customs in, i. 156 sq.
Peru, Indians of, i. 120, 122, ii. 249;
their worship of the Pleiades, i. 310
Peruvians, their customs as to Mother of Maize, etc., i. 171 sqq.
Pessinus, i. 255
Phigalia, horse-headed Demeter of, ii. 21, 338
Philippine Islands, i. 240
Philistines, their charm against mice, ii. 281, 283
Philochorus, on date of Haloa, i. 62
Phlius, i. 17
Phoenicia, song of Linus in, i. 216
Phrygia, Lityerses in, i. 216 sq.
Phyllanthus emblica, ii. 119
Piaroas Indians of the Orinoco, ii. 285
Pig, corn-spirit as, i. 298 sqq.;
in relation to Demeter, ii. 16sqq.;
not eaten in Crete, 21n. 1;
in ancient Egypt, 24sqq.
—— and Attis, ii. 22
—— -meat forbidden to women at sowing seed, i. 115
Pig's flesh not eaten by field labourers, ii. 33, 139
Pigeons, souls of dead in, ii. 293
Pigs, sacrifice of, i. 74, 97;
not to be eaten by enchanters of crops, 100 sq.;
sacrificed to the moon, ii. 25;
souls of dead in, 286, 295, 296
Pilae, human effigies, ii. 95n. 1
Pindar, old scholiast on, i. 71, 74, 77, 78;
on rebirth, 84
Pine-tree, sacred to Dionysus, i. 4
Piros Indians of Peru, ii. 286
Pirua, granary of maize, i. 171 sqq.
Plaiting the last standing corn before cutting it, i. 142, 144, 153, 154, 157, 158
Plane-tree, Dionysus in, i. 3
Planets, human victims sacrificed to, i. 261 sq.
Plants thought to be animated by spirits, ii. 82sq.
Plataea, Eleutherian games at, i. 80, 85
Plato and the doctrine of transmigration, ii. 308
Playfair, Major A., ii. 337
Pleiades, autumnal setting of, i. 45;
morning rising of, the signal for reaping in Greece, 48 sq.;
in primitive calendars, 116, 307 sqq.;
associated with the rainy season, 318
Pliny, on the setting of the Pleiades, i. 318
Plough in relation to Dionysus, i. 5;
in primitive agriculture, 113
—— Monday, i. 33;
rites of, ii. 325sqq.;
English celebration of, 329sqq.
Ploughing at Carnival, ceremony of, i. 28, 29, 331, 332, 334;
at Athens, sacred ceremony of, 31;
in Greece, season of, 45;
with oxen, 129 n. 1;
Chinese ceremony of, ii. 14sq.;
ceremonies at, 57
Ploughings, three a year, i. 53 n. 1;
Sacred, in Attica, 108
Ploughmen and plough-horses, the Yule Boar given to, i. 301, 303
Plutarch, on a Roman rite, ii. 108;
on immortality, i. 15;
on mourning festival of Demeter, 46;
on sacrifices, ii. 31;
on Apis, 36
Pluto called Subterranean Zeus, i. 66
—— and Persephone, ii. 9;
rude originals of, 334
Plutus, i. 208
Poland, harvest customs in, i. 144, 145, 148, 150, 277
Pollution of death, ii. 85n. 3;
ceremonial, of girl at puberty, 268
Polynesia, observation of the Pleiades in, i. 313
Polynesians, ii. 28
Pomegranates sprung from blood of Dionysus, i. 14
Po-nagar, goddess of agriculture, ii. 56, 57, 58
Pondos, the, ii. 66
Pongal feast, i. 244
Pongol, a Hindoo festival, ii. 56
Pontiffs regulate Roman calendar, i. 83
Poor Old Woman, corn left on field for, i. 231 sq.
Poppies as symbols of Demeter, i. 43 sq.
Poppy, the, cultivated for opium, i. 242
Porcupine, a Bechuana totem, ii. 164sq.;
respected by some Indians, 243;
transmigration of sinner into, 299
Pork forbidden to enchanters of crops, i. 100 sq.;
not eaten by field labourers, ii. 33;
reason for not eating, 296
Porphyry, on the Bouphonia, ii. 5n. 1
Poseidon, first-fruits sacrificed to, ii. 133
Poso, in Celebes, i. 236, ii. 244
Potato-dog, i. 272 sq.
—— -mother, i. 172
—— -wolf, i. 274
Potawatomi Indians, ii. 218
Prayer, the Place of, ii. 113
[pg 363]
Prayer and spell, i. 105
Prayers to the spirits of the dead, ii. 112, 113, 124sq.;
addressed to dead animals, 184, 197, 224, 225, 226, 235, 236, 243, 253, 293;
to shark-idol, 292
Preachers to fish, ii. 250sq.
Pretence made by reapers of mowing down visitors to the harvest-field, i. 229 sq.
Priest, chief acting as, ii. 126
Priests, first-fruits belong to, ii. 125;
of Tetzcatlipoca, ii. 165;
of shark-idols, 292
Primitive ritual, marks of, i. 169
Proarcturia, a Greek festival, i. 51
Processions with sacred animals, ii. 316sqq.;
of men disguised as animals, 325sqq.
Proclus on Dionysus, i. 13
Proerosia, a Greek festival of Demeter, i. 50 sqq., 60, 108
Prophecy, spirit of, acquired by eating certain food, ii. 143
Propitiation of wild animals by hunters, ii. 204sqq.;
of vermin by farmers, 274sqq.
Prussia, harvest customs in, i. 136, 137, 139, 150 sq., 209, 219, 280, 281 sq., 288, 292
Prussians, the old, ii. 133;
their custom at sowing, i. 288
Pruyssenaere, E. de, ii. 38sq.
Psylli, a Snake clan, ii. 174
Puberty, ceremonial pollution of girl at, ii. 268
Pueblo Indians, i. 312
Pul, an astrologer, i. 125 sq.
Pulse cultivated in Bengal, i. 123
Puplem, general council, i. 125
Puppet made out of last sheaf, i. 137, 138, 231;
at threshing, 148, 149;
at harvest, 150;
representing the corn-spirit, 224
Puppets of rushes thrown into the Tiber, ii. 107
Purest person cuts the last corn, i. 158
Purification, ceremonies of, i. 9;
before partaking of new fruits, ii. 59, 60, 63, 69sq., 71, 73, 75sq., 82, 83;
for slaughter of a serpent, 219sq.;
by fire, 249;
before eating the first salmon, 253
Pyanepsia, an Attic festival, i. 52
Pyanepsion, an Attic month, i. 46, 52, 116
Pythagoras, his reincarnations, ii. 263;
his doctrine of transmigration, 300, 301
Pythian games, i. 80
Python clan, ii. 174
Quadriennial period of Greek games, i. 77 sqq.
Quail, cry of, i. 295;
corn-spirit as, 295 sq.
Queen of Athens married to Dionysus, i. 30 sq.;
of the Corn-ears, 146;
name given to last sheaf, 146
—— Charlotte Islands, ii. 226
Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, ii. 90
Quiches, the, of Central America, ii. 134
Quinoa-mother, i. 172
Quixos Indians, ii. 285
Race of reapers to last sheaf, i. 291;
on harvest-field, 137
Races at harvest, i. 76 sq.;
in connexion with agriculture, 98.
See Horse-races
Rain, prayer for, at Eleusis, i. 69;
supposed to be given by the spirits of dead chiefs, ii. 109
—— -charm, i. 134, 170, 250, 252, 268
Rainless Greek summer, i. 69
Rains, autumnal, in Greece, i. 52
Rajamahall, in Bengal, ii. 118, 217
Rakelimalaza, a Malagasy god, ii. 46
Ram sacrificed to Ammon, ii. 41;
killing the sacred, 172sqq.;
consecration of a white, 313
Ram's skull, ii. 96
Rams' horns, ii. 117
Rape of Persephone, i. 66
Rarian Plain at Eleusis, i. 36, 70, 74, 108, 234, ii. 15
Raspberries, wild, ceremony at gathering the first, ii. 80sq.
Rat, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Rats, superstitious precautions of farmers against, ii. 277, 278, 283
Rattles in myth and ritual of Dionysus, i. 13, 15
Rattlesnakes respected by the North American Indians, ii. 217sqq.
Ravens respected by Sudanese negroes, ii. 221
Reapers, contests between, i. 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 sqq., 164 sq., 219, 253;
blindfolded, 144, 153 sq.;
special words used by, 193;
pretend to mow down visitors to harvest-field, 229 sq.;
cries of, 263 sqq.;
race of, to last corn, 291
Reaping, Indonesian mode of, i. 181 sq., 184;
contests in, 218 sqq.;
pains in back at, 285
Rebirth of the dead, i. 84
Red and black, faces of bear-hunters painted, ii. 226
—— and white, leopard-hunters painted, ii. 230
—— and yellow, faces of human victims painted, i. 261
[pg 364]
Red-haired men sacrificed, i. 260, 261, 263, ii. 34
—— puppies sacrificed, i. 261, ii. 34
Reef Islands, ii. 52
Reincarnation of animals, ii. 247, 249, 250
Reindeer, dogs not allowed to gnaw the leg-bones of, ii. 246
Repulsion and attraction, forces of, ii. 303sqq.
Rest for three days, compulsory, ii. 246
Resurrection of the gods, i. 1, 12, 14, 15;
of animals, ii. 200sq., 256sqq.;
bones of men preserved for the, 259;
in popular tales, 263sqq.
Revolving image, ii. 322n.
Ribald jests at mysteries, i. 38
Rice cultivated in Assam, i. 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123;
soul of, 180 sqq.;
treated as a woman, 183 sq.;
King of the, 197;
(paddy), Father and Mother of the, 203 sq.;
spirituous liquor distilled from, 242;
the new, ceremonies at eating the, ii. 54sqq.
—— -bride, i. 199 sq.
—— -bridegroom, i. 199 sq.
—— -child, i. 197 sqq.
—— -fields, sacred, among the Kayans, i. 93, 108
—— -goddess, i. 202
—— -harvest, ceremony of the Horse at, ii. 337sqq.
—— -mother, i. 183 n. 1, 191 sqq., 197 sqq.;
in the East Indies, 180 sqq.
—— -soul as bird, i. 182 n. 1;
caught or detained, 184 sqq.
Riddles asked at harvest, i. 194
Ridgeway, Professor W., i. 29 n. 2, 65, ii. 282n. 5
Ring, competition for, i. 160
Rites of Plough Monday, ii. 325sqq.
Ritual, primitive, marks of, i. 169;
magical or propitiatory, 169, 170
—— of Dionysus, i. 14 sq.
Robbers, charm used by, i. 235
Rodents, souls of dead in, ii. 291
Rohde, E., i. 91 n. 2
Rollo, ii. 146
Roman calendar, i. 83 sq.
—— deities of the corn, i. 210 n. 3
—— sacrifices to Ceres and Liber, ii. 133
Romans worship mildew, ii. 282
Roof, spirits enter through the, ii. 123;
remains of slain bear let down through the, 189sq., 196
Roots and seeds, wild, collected by women, i. 124 sqq.
Roscher, W. H., ii. 2n. 9
Roscoe, Rev. John, i. 240 n. 4
Rotation of crops, i. 117
Rouse, Dr. W. H. D., i. 208 n. 1
Rügen, harvest customs in, i. 274
Running, contests in, i. 98
Rush-cutter, i. 230 n. 5
Russia, harvest customs in, i. 146, 233
Russian wood-spirits, ii. 2
Rye-beggar, i. 231
—— -boar, i. 298, 300
—— -bride, i. 163
—— -goat, i. 282, 283
—— -mother, i. 132, 135
—— -pug, i. 273
—— -sow, i. 270, 298
—— -wolf, i. 270, 271, 272, 273, 274
—— -woman, i. 223;
the Old, 133
Saa, island of, ii. 127
Sabarios, a Lithuanian festival, ii. 49
Sabazius, i. 2 n. 1
Sabbaths, agricultural, i. 109
Sable-hunters, rules observed by, ii. 238
Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, i. 258 sq.
Sacrament of eating a god, ii. 167
—— of swine's flesh, ii. 20, 24;
totemic, 165;
types of animal, 310sqq.;
of first-fruits, 48sqq.;
combined with a sacrifice of them, 86
Sacramental bread, ii. 95
—— character of harvest supper, i. 303
—— eating of corn-spirit in animal form, ii. 20
Sacraments among pastoral tribes, ii. 313
Sacred Marriage at Eleusis, i. 65 sqq.
—— ploughings in Attica, i. 108
—— things deemed dangerous, ii. 27sqq.
—— Women, i. 32
Sacrifice not to be touched, ii. 27;
of first-fruits, 109sqq.
Sacrifices, human, for the crops, i. 236 sqq.;
human, in Mexico, ii. 88;
offered to nets, 240n. 1;
offered to wolves, 284;
to a toad, 291
Sadana, rice-bridegroom, i. 200 sq.
Sahagun, B. de, i. 175
St. Catherine's Day, ii. 275
St. George's Eve, ii. 270
St. Kilda, ii. 322
St. Mary, Isle of, ii. 235
St. Matthew's Day, ii. 275
St. Nicholas, i. 233
St. Paul on immortality, i. 91
St. Peter's Day, i. 300
St. Stephen's Day, ii. 319, 320
Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, ii. 40n.
Sale, nominal, of children, i. 8
Salish Indians, ii. 80
Salmon, resurrection of, ii. 250;
ceremonies at catching the first salmon of the season, 253sq., 255
[pg 365]
Salt, abstinence from, ii. 75, 93;
Salzburg, harvest custom in, i. 146
Samoa, ii. 29
Samoans, their sacrifices of first-fruits, ii. 132
Samoyed, custom after killing a reindeer, ii. 268
San Juan Capistrano, ii. 169;
Indians of, i. 125
Sanctity of the corn, ii. 110
Sandwich Islands, belief in transmigration among natives of the, ii. 292sq.
Saning Sari, rice-goddess, i. 191, 192
Sappho, i. 216
Satyrs in relation to goats, ii. 1sqq.
Savage, the, not illogical, ii. 202
—— faith in the immortality of animals, ii. 260sqq.
Saxo Grammaticus, ii. 146
Saxons of Transylvania, harvest custom of the, i. 295;
their customs at sowing, ii. 274sq.
Saxony, harvest customs in, i. 134, 137, 149, 163, 164
Scanderbeg, Prince of Epirus, ii. 154
Scandinavian custom of the Yule Boar, i. 300 sqq.
Scarification as a religious rite, ii. 75;
from superstitious motives, 159, 160sq.
Scheube, Dr. B., ii. 185, 186, 187
Schleswig, harvest customs in, i. 230, 287
Schrenck, L. von, ii. 191, 192, 193, 194, 195
Schweinfurth, G., ii. 37sq.
Science, generalisations of, inadequate to cover all particulars, ii. 37
Scirophorion, a Greek month, ii. 8n. 1
Scorpions, charm against, ii. 281;
souls of dead in, 290
Scotland, harvest customs in, i. 140 sqq.
Scratching as a religious rite, ii. 75
Scurrilities exchanged between vine-dressers and passers-by, i. 258 n. 1
Scurrilous language at mysteries, i. 38
Scythians, set store on heads of enemies, i. 256 n. 1
Sea beasts, Esquimau rules as to eating, ii. 84;
their bladders restored to the sea by the Esquimaux, 247sqq.
—— -mammals, their mythical origin, ii. 246
Seals, care taken of the bladders and bones of, ii. 247sqq., 257, 258n. 2
Sedna, an Esquimau goddess, ii. 84, 246
Seed sown by women, i. 113 sqq.;
sown by children, i. 115 sq.
Seed-corn, i. 135, 205, 278, 301, 304, ii. 20
Seed-rice, i. 189
Seeds and roots, wild, collected by women, i. 124 sqq.
Seler, Professor E., i. 175
Seligmann, Dr. C. G., ii. 40n.
Sĕmangat, i. 181, 183
Semele, mother of Dionysus, i. 14, 15
Senegambia, Python clan in, ii. 174
Serpent, killing the sacred, ii. 174sq.;
ceremonies performed after killing a, 219sq.
Serpent's flesh eaten to learn the language of animals, ii. 146
Serpents, offerings to, ii. 17sq.;
men inspired by, 213;
charms against, 281;
souls of the dead in, 291.
Set or Typhon, ii. 30.
See Typhon
Seven, the number, in ritual, i. 190, 198
—— months' child, i. 26, 29
Sham fight, ii. 75
—— fights in connexion with agriculture, i. 98;
(mimic battles) before going forth to war, ii. 207
—— graves and corpses to deceive demons, ii. 98sqq.
Shans of Indo-China, i. 243
Shape, magical changes of shape, i. 305
Sharks, ghosts in, ii. 127;
Sheaf, the last, the Corn-mother in, i. 133 sqq.;
thresher tied up in, 134, 147, 148;
drenched with water, 134, 137, 145;
given to cattle, 134, 155, 158, 161, 170;
stones fastened to, 135 sq., 138, 139;
called the Old Woman or Old Man, 136 sqq.;
corn-spirit caught in, 139;
harvester tied up in, 139, 145, 221, 222;
called the Cailleach (Old Wife), 140 sqq.;
representative of the corn-spirit, 168, ii. 48;
in Lower Burma, i. 190 sq.;
person identified with, 138 sq.;
in India, 222 sq., 234 n. 2;
race of reapers to, 291.
See also Clyack, Kirn, Mell, Maiden
Sheep not eaten, ii. 140;
ghosts of, dreaded, 231
Sheep-skin, fumigation with, ii. 324
Sheep-skins, candidates at initiation seated on, i. 38
Shells of eggs preserved, ii. 258n. 2
Shifting cultivation, i. 99
Shoulder-blade, divination by, ii. 234
Shropshire, “the neck” in, i. 268;
“crying the Mare” in, 293 sq.
Shrove Tuesday, i. 300, ii. 326
Shrovetide Bear, ii. 325sq.
Shumpaoli, an African god, ii. 110
Siam, ii. 103
[pg 366]
Sicilians, Demeter's gift of corn to the, i. 56 sq.
Sicily, worship of Demeter and Persephone in, i. 56
Sickles thrown at last standing corn, i. 136, 142, 144, 153, 154, 165
Sickness cured or prevented by effigies, ii. 180sqq.
Sicyon, wolves at, ii. 283, 284
Sierra Leone, i. 317
Sieves, children at birth placed in, i. 6 sqq.
Sigurd and the dragon, ii. 146
Silence enforced during absence of fisher, ii. 256
Silenuses, ii. 1sq.
Silesia, harvest customs in, i. 136, 138, 139, 148 sq., 163 sq., 231, 233, 273, 277, 281, 289
Silvanus, ii. 2
Simbang, village in German New Guinea, ii. 295
Similkameen Indians, the, ii. 146
Sinew of the thigh, customs and myths as to, ii. 264sqq.
Sinews of dead men cut to disable their ghosts, ii. 272
Sing Bonga, a sun god, ii. 117
Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 320n. 1
Sioux girl, sacrifice of, i. 238 sq.
Skeat, W. W., i. 197 sq.
Skin of sacrificed animal, uses of, ii. 173sq.
—— -disease caused by eating a sacred animal, ii. 25sqq.
Skins of sacrificed animals stuffed, 257 sq.
Skipping-rope, ii. 192
Skull, drinking out of a human, ii. 150
Skulls, human, as protection against powers of evil, i. 241;
the Place of, 243;
spirits of ancestors in their, ii. 123;
of ancestors, offerings set beside, 127;
of bears worshipped, 184;
of enemies destroyed, 260
Sky God, the, i. 69
—— -god Zeus, i. 65
Skye, harvest custom in, i. 284
Slaves of the Earth Gods, ii. 61, 62n. 1
Slavonic peoples, harvest customs among, i. 144 sqq.
Slayers of leopards, rules of diet observed by, ii. 230sq.
Slow-footed animals not eaten by some savage tribes, ii. 139sq.;
eaten by preference by the Bushmen, 140sq.
Small-pox, cure for, i. 9 sq.
Smearing the body as a means of imparting certain qualities, ii. 162sqq.
—— of blood on worshippers a mode of communion with the deity, ii. 316
Smintheus Apollo, ii. 283
Smith, Professor, G. C., ii. 329
Smith, W. Robertson, i. 259 n. 1, ii. 5n. 2, 27n. 5, 31n. 1, 35n. 2, 251n. 5, 266 n. 1, 280n.
Smoking as a means of inducing state of ecstasy, ii. 72;
in honour of slain bears, 224, 226
—— first tobacco of season, ceremony at, ii. 82
Snake worshipped, ii. 316sq.;
white, eaten to acquire supernatural knowledge, 146.
See Serpent
—— -bite, inoculation against, ii. 160
—— -priest, ii. 219
Snake's tongue as amulet, ii. 270
Snakes respected by the North American Indians, ii. 217sqq.;
sacred at Whydah, 287;
souls of dead in, 293, 294sq.;
souls of dead princes in, 288
Society, stratification of religion according to types of, ii. 35sqq.
—— Islanders, i. 312
Solar and lunar time, attempts to harmonise, i. 80 sq.
Solomon Islands, ii. 85, 126, 127;
belief in the transmigration of souls in the, 296sqq.
Solstice, the midsummer, rain-making ceremony at the, ii. 179
—— the summer, i. 117
—— the winter, ii. 325;
festival of, 90
Solstices observed, i. 125
Somerville, Professor W., i. 193 n.
Songish or Lkungen tribe of Vancouver Island, ii. 254
Songs of the corn-reapers, i. 214 sqq.
Sophocles, his play Triptolemus, i. 54
Soul thought to be seated in the liver, ii. 147sq.
—— of rice, i. 180 sqq.;
eating the, ii. 54
—— -stuff in the East Indies, i. 182 sq.
Souls, immortal, attributed by savages, to animals, ii. 204;
of the human dead in caterpillars, 275sq.;
transmigration of human, into animals, 285sqq.
South American Indians, women's agricultural work among the, i. 120 sqq.
Southey, R., quoted, i. 122, ii. 157
Sowing, festival of Demeter at, i. 46 n. 2;
sacrifice to Demeter at, 57;
Festival of the, 111;
time of, determined by observation of the sun, 187;
goat killed at, 288;
ceremonies at, ii. 57;
customs observed by Saxons of Transylvania at, 274sq.
—— and planting, time of, determined by the appearance of the Pleiades, i. 313 sqq.
[pg 367]
Sowing in Greece, time for, i. 45
—— festival of the Kayans, i. 93 sqq.
—— seed to make children grow, i. 11
Sowing the seed done by women, i. 113 sqq.;
done by children, 115 sq.
Spades and hoes, human victim killed with, i. 239, 251
Sparrows, charm to keep them from the corn, ii. 274
Spearing taro stalks, as a charm, i. 102, 103
Spell and prayer, i. 105
Spells for growth of crops, i. 100;
narrative, 104 sqq.;
imperative, 105
Spencer, Herbert, his theory of the material universe compared to that of Empedocles, ii. 303sqq.
Spiders, ceremony at killing, ii. 236sq.
Spieth, J., ii. 59sqq.
Spindle used in ritual, ii. 119
Spinning acorns or figs, i. 102
—— tops, i. 95, 97, 187
Spirit of Beans, Iroquois, i. 177
—— of the Corn, Iroquois, i. 177. See Corn-spirit
—— of Squashes, Iroquois, i. 177
Spirits, evil, averted from children, i. 6 sqq.;
of the dead supposed to influence the crops, 104;
distinguished from gods, 169;
imitation of, 186
Spittle, virtue of, i. 247, 250
Sports, athletic, at harvest, i. 76 sq. See also Contests, Games
Spring, ceremony at beginning of, in China, ii. 10sqq.
—— customs and harvest customs compared, i. 167 sqq.
—— festival of Dionysus, i. 15
Springbok not eaten, ii. 141
Squirrels, souls of dead in, ii. 291sq.
Sri, Hindoo goddess of crops, i. 182
Star, the Morning, i. 238
Stars, their supposed influence on the weather, i. 318
Stepping or jumping over a woman, ii. 70n. 1
Sternberg, Leo, ii. 196, 199n. 1, 201
Stettin, harvest customs near, i. 220
Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda Coxe, quoted, ii. 179
Stewart, Balfour, ii. 262n. 1
Sticks. See Digging-sticks
Stiens of Cambodia, ii. 237
Stomach of eater, certain foods forbidden to meet in, ii. 83sqq.
Stone, magic of heavy, i. 100
—— Age, agriculture in the, i. 79, 132
Stones fastened to last sheaf, i. 135 sq., 138, 139;
the meeting of the, 237;
worshipped, ii. 127sq.
Stories told as charms, i. 102 sqq.
Stout, Professor G. F., 261 n. 1
Stranger regarded as representative of the corn-spirit, i. 225 sqq.
Strangers excluded, i. 94, 111, 249;
preferred as human victims, 242;
as representatives of the corn-spirit, 253
Strata of religion and society, ii. 36sq.
Stratification of religion according to types of society, ii. 35sqq.
Straw, the Yule, i. 301 sq.;
of Shrovetide Bear used to make geese and hens lay eggs, ii. 326
—— -bear at Whittlesey, ii. 329
—— -bull, i. 289 sq.
—— -man placed on apple-tree, ii. 6
Stubble-cock, i. 277
Styria, harvest customs in, i. 133, 134, 283
Sublician bridge at Rome, ii. 107
Substitutes for animal sacrifices, ii. 94n. 2
“Substitutes for a person” in China, ii. 104
Subterranean Zeus, i. 66
Sudanese negroes respect ravens, ii. 221
Sufferings and death of Dionysus, i. 17
Sugar-cane cultivated, i. 121, 123
Suk, the, of British East Africa, i. 118, ii. 84, 142
Sumatra, i. 315;
tigers respected in, ii. 215sqq.
Summer in Greece rainless, i. 69
Sun, time of sowing determined by observation of the, i. 187;
Japanese deities of the, 212;
first-fruits offered to the, 237;
savage observation of the, 314;
rites instituted by the, ii. 75;
temple of the, 135
—— and moon conjunction of, ii. 15n. 1
—— father of Alectrona, ii. 45
—— -god, the, i. 86
——, moon, and planets, human victims sacrificed to, i. 261 sq.
——, the Great, title of head chief of the Natchez, ii. 77sqq.
Sunflower root, ceremony at eating the, ii. 81
Sunkalamma, a goddess, ii. 93
Superstitious practices to procure good crops, i. 100
Supper, the harvest, i. 134, 138. See Harvest-supper
Survival of the fittest, doctrine of the, ii. 306
Sutherlandshire, ii. 51
Swabia, harvest customs in, i. 136, 282, 289, 290, 298 sq.
Swallow Song, the Greek, ii. 322n.
Swans, transmigration of bad poets into, ii. 308
Sweat of famous warriors drunk, ii. 152
Sweden, harvest customs in, i. 149, 230, 280
[pg 368]
Sweet potatoes cultivated in Africa, i. 117;
cultivated in Assam, 123;
cultivated in New Britain, 123;
cultivated in South America, 121;
sacred, ii. 133
Swine, wild, their ravages in the corn, ii. 31sqq.
Swine's flesh sacramentally eaten, ii. 20, 24. See also Pork
Swinging for good crops, i. 101, 103, 107
Switzerland, harvest customs in, i. 283, 289, 291, 295
Syleus, i. 257 sq.
Sympathetic magic, i. 102, ii. 271, 311sq.
Syria, precaution against caterpillars in, ii. 279
Syrians, their religious attitude to pigs, ii. 23;
esteemed fish sacred, 26
Szis, the, of Burma, i. 203
Tabooed village, ii. 122
Taboos observed at the sowing festival among the Kayans, i. 94;
observed by enchanters, 100;
communal, 109 n. 2;
agricultural, 187;
relating to milk, ii. 83sq.;
observed after the capture of a ground seal, walrus, or whale, 246
Tahiti, ii. 132; funeral rites in, 97
Tail of corn-spirit, 268, 272, 300, ii. 10, 43
Talaings, the, i. 190
Tales told as charms, i. 102 sqq.;
the resurrection of the body in popular, ii. 263sqq.
Tamara, island of, ii. 296
Tammuz, his death in a mill, i. 258;
a Babylonian month, 259
Tana, one of the New Hebrides, ii. 125
Tanala, the, of Madagascar, i. 9, ii. 290
Tanganyika plateau, the, i. 115
Tani, a god, ii. 132
Tano, a fetish, ii. 287
Tapir, custom of Indians after killing a, ii. 236
Tapirs, souls of dead in, ii. 285
Tapuiyas, the, of Brazil, i. 309
Tarahumare Indians of Mexico, i. 227 sq., ii. 252
Tarianos Indians, ii. 157
Taro, charms for growth of, i. 100, 102
Tarri Pennu, a Khond goddess, i. 245
Tauaré Indians, ii. 157
Taungthu, the, i. 190
Tears of human victim signs of rain, i. 248, 250;
of oxen as rain-charm, ii. 10
Teasing animals before killing them, ii. 190
Telephus at Pergamus, ii. 85
Temples dedicated to sharks, ii. 292
Tenimber, island, ii. 123
Teton Indians, ii. 236
Tetzcatlipoca, a Mexican god, ii. 92, 93, 165
Thargelion, an Attic month, ii. 8
Thay, the, of Indo-China, ii. 121
Thebes, grave of Dionysus at, i. 14;
Dionysus torn to pieces at, 25
Theocritus on the harvest-home, i. 46 sq.
Thesmophoria, the, i. 14, ii. 17sqq.;
chastity of women at the, i. 116
Thigh, sinew of the, customs and myths as to, ii. 264sqq.
Thlinkeet or Tlingit, the, ii. 253
Thompson Indians, ii. 81, 82, 133, 140, 207, 226, 268
Thrace, worship of Dionysus in, i. 3;
the Bacchanals of, 17;
modern Carnival customs in, 25 sqq., ii. 331sqq.
Thresher tied up in last sheaf, i. 134, 147, 148
Threshers, contests between, i. 147 sqq., 218, 219 sq., 221 sq., 223 sq., 253;
pretend to throttle or thresh people on threshing-floor, 149 sq., 230;
tied in straw and thrown into water, 224 sq.
Threshing, customs at, i. 134, 147 sqq., 203;
contests in, 218 sqq.;
corn-spirit killed at, 291 sq.
—— -cow, i. 291
—— -dog, i. 271
—— -floor, Demeter at the, i. 41 sq., 47;
of Triptolemus at Eleusis, 61, 72, 75;
sanctity of the, ii. 110n. 4
—— in Greece, date of, i. 62
Throttling farmer's wife at threshing, pretence of, i. 150
Thumbs of dead enemies cut off, ii. 272
Thüringen, harvest customs in, i. 147, 222, 232, 276, 290, 291, 298
Thurn, E. F. im. quoted, ii. 204
Tibetans, the, ii. 96
Tiger, ghost of, ii. 155n. 4
Tiger's flesh eaten to make men brave, ii. 145
Tigers, ceremonies at killing, ii. 215, 216sq.;
respected in Sumatra, 215sq.;
kinship of men with, 216;
souls of dead in, 293
Tilling of the earth treated as a crime, ii. 57
Timekeepers, natural, i. 53
Timor, island of, ii. 98
Titans attack and kill Dionysus, i. 12 sq., 17
Tjumba, island of, ii. 122
Tlaloc, Mexican god of thunder, i. 237
Toad, figure of, ii. 193, 194;
soul of dead man in a, 291
[pg 369]
Tobacco used as an emetic, ii. 73;
first of season, ceremony at smoking, 82
Todas, their sacrament of buffalo's flesh, ii. 314
Toepffer, J., quoted, i. 73
Toerateyas, the, i. 196 n.
Tofoke, the, i. 119
Togoland, i. 130, ii. 59, 105, 105
Tolalaki, the, ii. 152
Tomb, sacrifices at, ii. 113
Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, i. 193 sq., 288
Tondi, soul-stuff, i. 182
Tonga Islands, ii. 28;
offerings of first-fruits in the, 128sqq.
Tongues of birds eaten, ii. 147;
of slain men eaten, 153;
of dead animals cut out, 269sqq.;
of animals worn as amulets, 270
Tonsure, the clerical, ii. 105n. 1
Tooitonga, the sacred chief of Tonga, ii. 128, 129, 130, 131
Tops, spinning, i. 95, 97, 187
Toradjas, the, of Central Celebes, i. 183, 193, 194, 228, ii. 153
Torch-bearer, the Eleusinian, i. 54, 59
Torches in relation to Demeter and Persephone, i. 57
Torchlight dance, ii. 79;
procession at Eleusis, i. 38
Torres Straits islands, i. 313, ii. 152, 153
Tortoises not eaten, ii. 140
Tossing successful reaper, i. 154
Totem, skin-disease supposed to be caused by eating, ii. 25sq.
—— sacrament, ii. 165
Totemic animals, dances in imitation of, ii. 76
not proved for the Aryans, 4;
in Australia and America, 311
Transformation of woman into crocodile, ii. 212
Transmigration of human souls into animals, ii. 141, 285sqq.;
into turtles, 178sq.;
into bears, 191
—— of souls, doctrine of, in ancient India, ii. 298sq.;
in ancient Greece, 300sqq., 307sq.
Transmigrations of Buddha, ii. 299
Transubstantiation, ii. 89sq.
Transylvania, harvest customs in, i. 221, 276, 278, 280, 285, 295;
customs at sowing in, ii. 274sq.
Travancore, i. 8;
custom at executions in, ii. 272
Treasury Islanders, i. 313
Trees in relation to Dionysus, i. 3 sq.;
spirits of the dead in, ii. 124
Triptolemus, i. 37, 38, ii. 19;
agent of Demeter, i. 54, 72 sq.;
sacrifices to, 56;
his Threshing-floor at Eleusis, 61, 72, 75;
in Greek art, 68 n. 1;
sows seed in Rarian plain, 70;
the corn-hero, 72 sq.
Tristram, H. B., ii. 31sq.
Troezenians, the, ii. 133
Trumpets in rites of Dionysus, i. 15
Tschwi, the, of West Africa, ii. 98
Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, ii. 254
Tucanos Indians, ii. 157
Tug of War, i. 103 n. 1, 110 n.
Tupi Indians of Brazil, ii. 272
Tupinambas, the, i. 122
Turmeric cultivated, i. 245, 250
Turtles, killing the sacred, ii. 175sqq.;
transmigration of human souls into, 178sq.
Tusayan, an ancient province of Arizona, i. 312
Twelfth Day, ii. 320, 321, 327, 329
Twelve Gods, the, ii. 8
Twin, ghost of a, ii. 98
—— girl charged with special duty, ii. 280
Two Goddesses, the, i. 56, 59, 73, 90
Types of animal sacrament, ii. 310sqq.
Typhon, i. 262, 263, ii. 30, 31, 33, 34, 100
Tyrol, harvest customs in the, i. 163, 224, 273, 286
Tzentales of Mexico, ii. 241
Uaupes River, tribes of the, i. 121
Uganda, ii. 213
Underground Zeus, i. 45, 50
Unleavened bread, ii. 137
Usagara hills, German East Africa, i. 240
Varro, on the rites of Eleusis, i. 88;
on killing oxen in Attica, ii. 6;
on sacrifice of goat, ii. 41
Vedijovis, i. 33
Venison, Esquimau rules as to eating, ii. 84;
not eaten, 144;
not brought into hut by door, 242sq.;
reason for not eating, 286, 293
Vera Cruz, the tribes of, i. 310
Vermin propitiated by farmers, ii. 274sqq.;
images of, made as a protection against them, 280sq.
Verres, C., i. 65
Vessels, new or specially reserved, to hold new fruits, ii. 50, 53, 65, 66, 72, 81, 83;
special, reserved for eating bear's flesh, 196, 198
Vestal virgins, ii. 42
Vicarious use of images, ii. 96sqq.
[pg 370]
Victim, human, taken in procession from door to door, i. 247
Victims, human, treated as divine, i. 250;
assimilated to gods, 261 sq.
Victoria, aborigines of, i. 127
Vicuña not eaten, ii. 140
Village tabooed, ii. 122
Vine in relation to Dionysus, i. 2
Vintage, first-fruits of, ii. 133;
inaugurated by priests, 133
—— in Greece, time of, i. 47
Vintagers and vine-diggers, i. 257 sq.
Virbius and the horse, ii. 40sqq.
Virgil as an enchanter, ii. 281
Virgins sacrificed, i. 237
Vitzilipuztli, a Mexican god, ii. 86, 87, 88
Viza in Thrace, i. 26
Vizyenos, G. M., i. 25 n. 4, 26
Volos, the beard of, i. 233
Vomiting as a religious rite, ii. 73, 75
Vosges Mountains, harvest customs in the, i. 272, 279, 281
Vulture, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Wa, the Wild, i. 241 sqq.
Wabondei, the, ii. 142
Wadowe, the, i. 118
Wagogo, the, ii. 26, 142, 149, 276
Wahehe, the, ii. 26
Waheia, the, ii. 26
Wajagga, the, of East Africa, ii. 276
—— warriors, ii. 143
Wakan, ii. 180n. 2
Wales, harvest customs in, i. 142 sqq.
Wallace, A. R., quoted, i. 121 sq.
Wamegi, the, of German East Africa, i. 240
Wanyamwezi, the, i. 118, ii. 227
War dance, ii. 79
Washing as a ceremonial purification, ii. 27sq., 71, 84, 85
Wataturu, the, ii. 84
Weasels, superstition of farmers as to, ii. 275
Weevils, spared by Esthonian peasants, ii. 274
Weihaiwei, ii. 11
Welsh, Miss, i. 155 n. 1
Wemba, the, ii. 158
Wends, harvest customs among the, i. 138, 149, 276
Wermland, harvest customs in, i. 230, ii. 48
Westphalia, harvest customs in, i. 135 sq., 138, 277 sq., 296, 297
Wetar, island, ii. 25
Whales, ceremonies observed after the slaughter of, ii. 232sqq.
Wheat-bride, i. 162, 163
—— -cock, i. 276
Wheat-cow, i. 289
—— -dog, i. 272
—— -mallet at threshing, i. 148
—— -man, i. 223
—— -mother, i. 135
—— -sow, i. 298
—— -wolf, i. 273, 274
Whetham, W. C. D., ii. 305n. 2
White Maize, Goddess of the, i. 261
—— ram, ii. 313
Whittlesey in Cambridgeshire, the Straw-bear at, ii. 328sq.
Whydah, snakes sacred at, ii. 287
Widows and widowers, disability of, ii. 253sq.
Wiedemann, Prof. A., ii. 35n. 4
Wild animals propitiated by hunters, ii. 204sqq.
—— fig trees, sacred, ii. 113
—— fruits and roots, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season, ii. 80sqq.
—— seeds and roots collected by women, i. 124 sqq.
—— Wa, the, i. 241 sqq.
Wilkinson, R. J., i. 181 sq.
Winamwanga, the, ii. 112
Wine, new, offered to Liber, ii. 133
Winnowing done by women, i. 117, 128
—— -basket, image of snake in, ii. 316
—— -fan, an emblem of Dionysus, i. 5 sqq.;
as cradle, 6 sqq.;
used to scatter ashes of human victims, 260, 262
Winter, name given to man who cuts the last sheaf, i. 142;
name of harvest-supper, 160
—— festival of Dionysus, i. 16 sq.
—— solstice, ii. 325;
festival of, 90
Witch, burning the Old, i. 224
Witchcraft, protection against, i. 156, ii. 324
Wolf, corn-spirit as, i. 271 sqq., ii. 327;
stuffed, carried about, i. 275;
ceremonies at killing a, ii. 220sq., 223.
See also Wolves
Wolf's heart eaten, ii. 146
—— skin, man clad in, i. 275
Wolfish Apollo, ii. 283sq.
Wollaroi, the, of New South Wales, ii. 163
Wolves, sacrifices offered to, ii. 284;
transmigration of sinners into, 308
Woman's part in primitive agriculture, i. 113 sqq.
Women, influence of corn-spirit on, i. 168;
who have died in childbed, attempts to deceive their ghosts, ii. 97sq.;
thought to have no soul, ii. 148
—— milk cows, i. 118
—— swear by the Pleiades, i. 311
[pg 371]
Women's race at harvest, i. 76 sq.
Wood-spirits in goat form, ii. 2sq.
—— woman, i. 232
Woodford, C. M., ii. 126
Words, special, used by reapers, i. 193
Worm, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299
Worms, souls of dead in, ii. 289
Worship of cattle, ii. 35sqq.;
of animals, two forms of the, 311;
of snake, 316sq.
Worshipful animal killed once a year, ii. 322
Wrach (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, i. 142 sqq.
Wreath of corn, i. 134
Wren, hunting the, ii. 317sqq.;
called the king of birds, 317;
superstitions as to the, 317sq., 319
Wrestling, i. 98, ii. 131
Würtemburg, harvest customs in, i. 286, 287
Xanthicus, a Macedonian month, i. 259 n. 1
Xenophon, on Triptolemus, i. 54
Xochiquetzal, a Mexican goddess, i. 237
Yabim, the, of German New Guinea, i. 104 sqq., 228, ii. 275, 295
Yams, charm for growth of, i. 100, 101;
cultivated in Africa, 119;
cultivated in New Britain, 123;
cultivated in South America, 120, 121;
dug by Australian aborigines, 126 sq.;
ceremonies at eating the new, ii. 53, 58sqq.
—— festival of the new, ii. 115;
in Tonga, 128sqq.
Yang-Seri, prayers to, ii. 33
Yaos, the, ii. 111sq.
Year, beginning of, marked by appearance of Pleiades, i. 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315;
divided into thirteen moons, ii. 77
Yellow Demeter, i. 41 sq.
Yombe, the, ii. 112
Yorkshire, harvest customs in, i. 151 sq., 224
Yoruba negroes, ii. 149
Youngest person cuts the last corn, i. 158, 161
Yuchi Indians, ii. 75, 311n. 1
Yule Boar, i. 300 sqq., ii. 43, 328
—— Goat, the, ii. 327sq.
—— ram, the, ii. 328
—— straw, i. 301 sq.
Yuracares Indians of Bolivia, ii. 235, 257
Zabern in Alsace, harvest custom at, i. 297
Zagreus, i. 12
Zambesi, tribes of the Upper, ii. 141
—— region, Caffres of the, ii. 289
Zanzibar, custom at sowing in, i. 233
Zaparo Indians, the, ii. 139
Zapotecs of Mexico, their harvest customs, i. 174 sq.
Zeus, his intrigue with Persephone, i. 12;
father of Dionysus by Demeter, 12, 14, 66;
his intrigue with Demeter, 66;
surnamed Underground, 45, 50
—— and Demeter, ii. 9; marriage of, i. 65 sqq.
—— and Hercules, ii. 172
——, Laphystian, i. 25
—— Sosipolis, ii. 7
——, Subterranean, i. 66, ii. 9
—— the Fly-catcher, ii. 282
Zulu king, dance of the, ii. 66
women's part in agriculture among the, i. 113 sq.;
their festival of first-fruits, ii. 67;
their inoculation, 160sq.
Zuni Indians, their custom of killing sacred turtles, ii. 175sqq.
Zurich, harvest customs in the canton of, i. 291, 297
