NOTES.

1 Houzeau, “Histoire du Sol de l’Europe.”—Carl Ritter, “Europa.”—Kohl, “Die Geographische Lage der Haupstadte Europa’s.”

2 Modern Sea of Azof and River Don.

3 Latham, Benfey, Cuno, Spiegel, and others.

4 Population of Europe, about 305,000,000:—

Greco-Latin.

Greeks

2,600,000

Albanians

1,250,000

Italians

27,700,000

French

39,700,000

Spaniards and Portuguese

20,210,000

Rumanians

8,400,000

Rhætians (“Romans”)

42,000

99,902,000

Germanic.

Germans

53,400,000

Dutch and Flemish

6,720,000

Scandinavians

5,640,000

Anglo-Saxons

30,600,000

96,360,000

Slavonic.

Russians

59,000,000

Poles

11,800,000

Chechians, &c.

6,750,000

Servians

5,750,000

Slovenes

1,200,000

Bulgarians

3,100,000

87,600,000

other

Finns

4,700,000

Osmanli

1,300,000

Magyars

5,770,000

Tartars

2,500,000

Calmucks

100,000

Celts

1,600,000

Basks

700,000

Letts, &c.

2,900,000

Armenians

280,000

Gipsies

590,000

Circassians

400,000

Included above are 4,500,000 Jews.

5 W. H. Smith, “The Me­di­ter­ra­nean.”—Dureau de la Malle, “Géographie Physique de la Mer Noire et de la Mediterranée.”—Böttger, “Das Mittelmeer.”

6 Area of the Me­di­ter­ra­nean basin:—

Drainage of	square miles
Europe	683,500
Asia	232,000
Africa	1,737,500
Me­di­ter­ra­nean Sea	1,153,300
	3,806,300

7

	Wes­tern basin.	Eas­tern basin.	Ad­ri­at­ic.	Arch­i­pel­ago.	Black Sea.	Med­i­ter­ran­ean.
Area	355,200	502,000	50,200	60,600	185,300	1,153,300
Great­est depth, fath­oms	1,640	2,170	565	540	1,070	2,170
Aver­age depth, fath­oms	640	960	110	320	320	640

8 Quantity of salt held in solution in the Atlantic, 36 parts in 1,000; in the Me­di­ter­ra­nean (mean), 38 parts; in the Black Sea, 16 parts.

9 There are found in the Me­di­ter­ra­nean 444 species of fish (Goodwin Austen), 850 species of molluscs (Jeffreys), and about 200 species of foraminiferæ.

10 The production of salt on the coasts of the Me­di­ter­ra­nean is thus distributed among its coast-lands:—Spain, 200,000 tons; France, 250,000 tons; Italy, 300,000 tons; Austria, 70,000 tons; Russia, 120,000; other countries, 200,000 tons. Total, 1,140,000 tons, valued at £480,000.

11 The annual produce of the fisheries has been estimated at £3,000,000, of the coral fisheries at £640,000, of the sponge fisheries at £40,000. Total, £3,680,000.

12 Shipping and commerce of the Me­di­ter­ra­nean (estimated):—

COM­MER­CIAL MA­RINE.

EN­TERED AND CLEARED.

VAL­UE OF EX­PORTS AND IM­PORTS.

Sail-ves­sels.

Stea­mers.

Ton­nage.

Tons.

£

Spain (Me­di­ter­ra­nean)

2,500

100

250,000

5,000,000

24,000,000

France (Me­di­ter­ra­nean)

4,000

230

300,000

6,000,000

80,000,000

Italy

18,800

140

1,030,000

21,000,000

104,000,000

Austria

3,000

92

380,000

8,000,000

18,000,000

Greece

5,400

20

502,000

8,500,000

8,000,000

Turkey in Europe and Asia

2,200

10

210,000

25,000,000

24,000,000

Rumania

—

—

—

1,300,000

8,000,000

Russia (Me­di­ter­ra­nean)

500

50

50,000

2,000,000

24,000,000

Egypt (Me­di­ter­ra­nean)

100

25

15,000

4,000,000

20,000,000

Malta and Gibraltar

200

13

39,000

12,000,000

23,000,000

Algeria

170

—

10,000

2,000,000

16,000,000

Tunis, Tripoli, &c.

500

—

10,000

500,000

4,000,000

37,370

680

2,796,000

95,300,000

353,000,000

13 Greece within its political limits:—

	Area. Sq. m.	Pop­u­la­tion (1870).	Dens­ity.
Continental Greece	7,558	466,918	62
Peloponnesus	8,288	545,389	66
Ægean Islands	2,500	205,840	82
Ionian Islands	1,007	218,879	217
Army, navy, and sailors	—	20,868	—
Total	19,353	1,457,894	75

14 Altitudes of mountains in continental Greece (in feet):—

Gerakavuni (Othrys)	5,673
Velukhi (Tymphrestus)	7,610
Khonia	8,186
Vardusia	8,242
Katavothra (Œta)	6,560
Mountains of Acarnania	5,216
Varassova	3,010
Liakura (Parnassus)	8,068
Palæovouni (Helicon)	5,738
Elatea (Cithæron)	4,630
Parnes	4,645
Pentelicus	3,693
Hymetius	3,400
Gerania (Pera Khora)	4,482

15 Orchomenus, a town on the Cephissus, the capital of Northern Bœotia, destroyed by the Thebans 371 B.C.

16 Heights of the principal mountains in the Peloponnesus (in English feet):—

Cyllene (Zyria)	8,940
Aroanian Mountain (Khelmos)	7,726
Erymanthus (Olonos)	7,297
Artemisium (Malevo)	5,814
Parnon (Hagios Petros)	6,355
Lycæus (Diaforti)	4,660
Ithome	2,630
Taygetus	7,904
Arachnæus (Argolis)	3,935
Mean height of peninsula	2,000

17 The isthmus is 6,496 yards wide, and rises to a height of 250 feet where it is narrowest, its mean height being 130 feet.

18 Principal altitudes of the islands of Greece:—

	Feet.
Mount Delphi, on Eubœa	5,730
Mount St. Elias, on Eubœa	4,840
Mount Kokhilas, on Scyros	2,565
Mount Kovari, on Andros	3,200
Mount Oxia, on Naxos	3,290
Mount St. Elias, on Siphnos	2,280
Mount St. Elias, on Nios	2,410
Mount St. Elias, on Santorin	1,887

19 Ionian Islands:—

	Area. Sq. m.	Highest Mountains.	Feet.	Inhabitants. (1870.)
Corfu	224	Pantokratoros	3,280	72,450
Paxos and Antipaxos	27			3,600
Leucadia	183	Nomali	3,870	21,000
Cephalonia	292	Elato	5,310	67,500
Ithaca	42	Neriton	2,640	10,000
Zante	162	Skopos	1,300	44,500

20 Population of the principal towns of Greece (1870):—

Towns.	Population.
Athens and Piræus	59,000
Patras	26,000
Corfu	24,000
Hermopolis, or Syra	21,000
Zante	20,500
Lixuri (Cephalonia)	14,000
Pyrgos, or Letrini	13,600
Tripolis, or Tripolitza	11,500
Chalcis, in Eubœa	11,000
Sparta	10,700
Argos	10,600
Argostoli (Cephalonia)	9,500
Calamata	9,400
Histiæa, in Eubœa	8,900
Karystos, in Eubœa	8,800
Ægion, or Vostitza	8,800
Nauplia	8,500
Spezzia	8,400
Kranidhi, in Argolis	8,400
Lamia	8,300
Missolonghi	7,500
Andros	9,300

21 Commerce of Greece (1873):—Mercantile marine: 6,135 vessels of 419,350 tons; entered, 112,814 vessels of 6,336,487 tons; imports, £4,166,239; exports, £2,721,877.

22 Public income (1875), £1,404,053; expenditure, £1,409,288; debt, £15,232,202.

23 Authorities:—R. Pashley, “Travels in Crete;” Raulin, “Description Physique de l’Ile de Crète;” G. Perrot, “L’Ile de Crète;” Viquesnel, “Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe;” Ami Boué, “La Turquie d’Europe;” A. Dumont, “Le Balkan et l’Adriatique;” Lejean, “Ethnographie de la Turquie d’Europe;” Von Hammer, “Konstantinopel und der Bosporus;” P. de Tchihatchef, “Le Bosphore;” Heuzey, “Voyage archéologique en Macédoine;” Fanshawe Tozer, “Researches in the Highlands of Turkey;” Barth, “Reisen in der europäischen Türkei;” Von Hahn, “Albanesische Studien;” Hecquard, “Histoire et Description de la Haute-Albanie;” Dora d’Istria, “Nationalité albanaise;” F. Maurer, “Reise durch Bosnien;” F. de Sainte-Marie, “L’Herzégovine;” Kanitz, “Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan;” H. Kiepert, Map of Turkey in Europe.

For changes made by the Berlin treaty, see page 153.

24 We mention Palma, Vaudoncourt, Lapic, Boué, Viquesnel, Lejean, Kanitz, Barth, Hochstetter, and Abdullah Bey.

25 Heights of principal mountains:—Aspra Vuna (White Mountain of Leuca-Ori), 8,100 feet; Psiloriti, or Ida, 8,000 feet; Lasithi, or Dicte, 7,100 feet. Towns:—Canea, 12,000 inhabitants; Megalokastron, 12,000; Retimo, 9,000. Total population of the island, 210,000.

26 The islands of Thracia:—

	Sq. m.	Inhabitants.	Highest Mountains.	Feet.
Thasos	74	10,000	Mount Ipsario	3,000
Samothrace	66	200	Mount Phengari	5,240
Imbro	85	4,000	Mount St. Elias	1,950
Lemnos	170	22,000	Mount Skopia	1,410

27 Consul Sax (1873) estimates the population as follows:—Stamboul, 210,000; Pera, 130,000; European suburbs, 150,000; Asiatic suburbs, 110,000; total, 600,000 souls, including 200,000 Mo­ham­me­dans. Dr. Yakshity, on the other hand, estimates the population of Constantinople (exclusive of its Asiatic suburbs) at 358,000 souls, of whom 193,540 are Mo­ham­me­dans, 144,210 oriental Christians, and 30,000 Franks.

28 Length of the Bosphorus, 98,500 feet, or 18·6 miles; average width, 5,250 feet; average depth, 90 feet; greatest depth, 170 feet.

29 Dimensions of the Dardanelles:—Length, 42·3 miles; average width, 2·7 miles, or 13,100 feet; minimum width, 6,400 feet; average depth, 180 feet; greatest depth, 320 feet.

30 Altitudes:—Mount Pilav Tepe, 6,183 feet; Kortach, 3,893 feet; Athos, 6,786 feet.

31 Mount Olympus, 9,750 feet; Mount Ossa, 5,250 feet; Mount Pelion, 5,130 feet.

32 The following are the principal towns of the Greek provinces of Turkey, together with the number of their inhabitants:—

Adrianople (Edirneh)	110,000
Saloniki (Salonica)	80,000
Seres	30,000
Larissa	25,000
Rodosto	20,000
Gallipoli (Geliboli)	20,000
Trikala (Tirhala)	11,000
Demotika	10,000
Verria	10,000
Enos	7,000

33 Altitudes in Albania:—

	Feet.
Skhar	8,200
Tomor	5,413
Zygos (Lachmon)	5,500
Smolika	5,970
Kundusi	6,270
Acroceraunian Mountain	6,700
Lake Okhrida	2,270
Lake of Yanina	1,700

34 Population of the principal cities of Albania:—Prisrend, 35,000; Soutari (Shkodra), 35,000; Yanina, 25,000; Jakovitza (Yakova), 17,000; Ipek (Pech), 16,000; Elbasan, 12,000; Berat, 11,000; Prishtina, 11,000; Tirana, 10,000; Koritza, 10,000; Argyrokastro, 8,000; Prevesa, 7,000 Dulcigno, 7,000; Durazzo, 5,000.

35 Altitudes:—Mount Kom, 9,350 feet; Mount Durmitor, 8,860 feet; Glieb, 5,775 feet.

36 According to Blau (1872), Bosnia, including the Herzegovina and Rascia, has 1,150,000 inhabitants, comprising 590,000 Greek Catholics, 164,000 Roman Catholics, 378,000 Mussulmans, 12,300 gipsies, and 5,700 Jews. The same author states the population for 1855 to have amounted to 893,384 souls, including 286,000 Mussulmans. According to an English Consular Report (1873), the population is 1,084,162, including 461,048 Mussulmans; and according to Professor Yakshity, 1,357,984 souls, including 474,000 Mussulmans.

37 Principal towns of Bosnia:—Sarayevo, 50,000 inhabitants; Banyaluka, 18,000 inhabitants; Zvornik, 14,000 inhabitants; Travnik, 12,000 inhabitants; Novibazar, 9,000 inhabitants; Trebinye, 9,000 inhabitants; Mostar, 9,000 inhabitants; Tuzla, 7,000 inhabitants.

38 Altitudes in Bulgaria, according to Hochstetter, Viquesnel, Boué, Barth, and others:—Vitosh, 8,080 feet; Balkan, mean height, 5,600 feet; Chatal, 3,600 feet; hills of the Dobruja, 1,650 feet; Trajan’s Gate, 2,625 feet; Pass of Dubnitza, 3,560 feet; Rilo Dagh, 9,500 feet; Perim Dagh, 7,875 feet; Gornichova, or Nije, 6,560 feet; Peristeri, 7,700 feet; basin of Sofia, 1,710 feet; basin of Monastir, 1,820 feet; Lake of Ostrovo, 1,680 feet; Lake of Kastoria, 2,050 feet.

39 Cleared from Sulina (1873), 1,870 vessels of 532,000 tons. Value of cereals exported, £6,000,000.

40 The following are the principal towns of Bulgaria, with the number of their inhabitants:—

Shumna (Shumla)	50,000
Rustchuk	50,000
Philippopoli (Felibe)	40,000
Bitolia (Monastir)	40,000
Skoplie (Uskub)	28,000
Kalkandelen	22,000
Sofia	20,000
Vidin	20,000
Silistria	20,000
Shishtova	20,000
Varna	20,000
Eski-Za’ara	18,000
Bazarjik	18,000
Nish	16,000
Veleze (Koprili)	15,000
Razgrad	15,000
Turnov (Tirnova)	12,000
Sliven (Slivno)	12,000
Prilip	12,000
Kezanlik	10,000
Stanimako	10,000
Florina	10,000
Kurshova	9,000
Sulina	5,000

41 Receipts for 1874, £20,400,000; debts in 1875, £220,000,000.

42 Races and religions of Turkey in Europe (Servia, Montenegro, and Rumania excluded):—

Total.

Mus­sul­mans.

Greek Catholics.

Roman Catholics.

Other Christians.

Slavs

Servians

1,114,000

442,000

492,000

180,000

—

Bulgarians

2,861,000

790,000

2,051,000

20,000

—

Russians, &c.

10,000

—

—

2,000

8,000

Greeks

1,176,000

38,000

1,138,000

—

—

Greco-Latins

Rumanians

50,000

—

50,000

—

—

Zinzares

150,000

—

150,000

—

—

Albanians

Gheges

1,031,000

773,000

178,000

80,000

—

Tosks

Turks

Osmanli

1,352,000

1,352,000

—

—

—

Tartars

40,000

40,000

—

—

—

Semites

Arabs

3,000

3,000

—

—

—

Jews

72,000

—

—

—

—

Armenians

100,000

—

—

10,000

—

Circassians

144,000

144,000

—

—

—

Tsiganes (Gipsies)

104,000

52,000

52,000

—

—

Franks

60,000

—

—

50,000

10,000

Total

8,267,000

3,584,000

4,111,000

342,000

108,000

43 Area and population of the Turkish Empire:—

Area, Square Miles.

Pop­u­la­tion.

Mo­ham­me­dans per cent.

Con­stant­i­no­ple (including Army, &c.)

1,040

531,000

55

Vilayets:—

Edirneh, or Adrianople (Thracia)

26,160

1,307,000

39

Tuna (Danube), or Bulgaria

34,120

2,303,000

40

Saloniki (Macedonia)

12,950

499,000

50

Prisrend (Upper Macedonia)

18,320

1,392,000

57

Shkodra, or Scutari (Upper Albania)

5,310

171,000

48

Bosna Serai, or Serayevo (Bosnia)

17,900

940,000

42

Herzegovina

5,720

144,000

41

Yanina (Epirus and Thessaly)

18,320

711,000

35

Crete, or Candia

3,326

210,000

18

European Islands

400

60,000

7

Turkey in Europe

143,566

8,267,000

44

Turkey in Asia

745,000

13,176,000

86

Tripoli, &c.

344,000

1,150,000

99

Total Ottoman Empire

1,231,566

22,593,000

71

Tributary States.

Rumania

46,710

5,180,000

—

Servia

16,820

1,377,000

—

Egypt

869,360

17,000,000

70

Tunis

45,700

2,000,000

99

Total Turkish Empire

2,210,156

48,150,000

63

44 Officially called Romania, and frequently spelt Roumania: in French it is Roumanie.

45

Wallachia and Moldavia	4,460,000
Austro-Hungary	2,896,000
Bessarabia and other parts of Russia	600,000
Servia	155,000
Turkey	200,000
Greece	4,000
Total	8,315,000

46 Mean temperature at Bucharest, 46° F.; maximum, 113° F.; minimum, −22° F.; difference, 135° F.

47 Mean volume of the Danube (according to C. Hartley), 2,000,000 gallons per second; maximum volume, 6,160,000 gallons; mean volume of Kilia mouth, 1,276,000 gallons; mean of St. George’s mouth, 572,000 gallons; mean of Sulina mouth, 176,000 gallons per second. Mean alluvial deposits of Danube, 2,119 cubic feet per annum.

48 Approximate population of Rumania in 1875, 5,232,500 souls, of whom 3,260,000 were in Wallachia, and 1,972,500 in Moldavia. There were 4,460,000 Rumanians, 90,000 Bulgarians, 40,000 Russians and other Slavs, 50,000 Magyars, 130,000 Tsigani, 400,000 Jews, 10,000 Armenians, and 52,500 foreigners (30,000 Austrians, 10,000 Greeks, 5,000 Germans, 1,500 French).

49 Of the total area of Rumania 6,000,000 acres are corn-lands, 600,000 acres produce wine, tobacco, &c., 5,000,000 consist of forests, 9,000,000 of pastures and meadows, and 8,000,000 are uncultivated. In 1874 there were 600,000 horses, 2,900,000 head of cattle, 100,000 buffaloes, 5,000,000 sheep, 1,200,000 pigs, and 500,000 goats.

50 Exports, average of 1865–75, £6,700,000; imports, £4,300,000.

51 Railroads, 1,800 miles; high-roads, 2,650 miles; telegraphs, 2,500 miles; steamers on the Danube, 29, of 7,620 tons burden.

52 Number of inhabitants of the principal towns of Rumania (official spelling; vulgar or phonetic spelling in parenthesis):—

Wallachia.—Bucuresci (Bucharest), 221,800; Ploiesti (Ploeshti), 33,000; Braila, 28,270; Craiova, 22,764; Giurgiu (Jurjevo, or Giurgevo), 20,866; Buzeu (Busau), 11,100; Alecsandria, 11,000; Campulung, 9,900; Pitesci (Piteshti), 8,500; Caracalu, 8,600.

Moldavia.—Jasi (Yassy), 90,000; Galati (Galatz), 80,000; Botosani, 39,900; Barladu (Byrlat), 26,600; Smeilu (Ismail), 21,000; Focsani, 20,300; Peatra, 20,000; Husi, 18,500; Roman, 16,900; Falticeni, 15,000; Bacau, 13,000; Dorohoi, 10,000; Bolgradu, 9,600; Chilie (Kilia), 8,900; Reni, 7,600.

53 Average annual expenditure, 1871–76, £3,650,000; public debt, £19,500,000, including £13,000,000 expended upon railways; estimated value of the domains, £20,000,000.

54 Authorities:—Kanitz, “Serbien;” Ubicini, “Les Serbes de Turquie;” Cyprien Robert, “Les Slaves de Turquie;” Louis Léger, “Le Monde Slave;” Lejean, “Visite au Montenegro.”

55 Mean temperature at Belgrad, 48° F.; extremes, 106° and 3°; range, 103° F.

56 The population of Servia in 1875 was 1,377,068, of whom about 1,110,000 were Servians, 160,000 Wallachians, 20,000 Zinzares, 50,000 Bulgarians, 30,000 gipsies, &c.

57 The exports in 1874 were valued at £1,400,000, and included 34,104 head of cattle, 271,219 pigs 1,172,571 sheep and goat skins, wheat, raki, &c.

58 There are a university, a military academy, a seminary, an agricultural school, 11 superior schools, and 377 elementary schools, with 567 teachers, and about 20,000 pupils.

59 Authorities:—Zuccagni Orlandini, “Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell’ Italia e delle sue Isole;” Marmocchi, “Descrizione d’Italia;” Amato Amati, “L’Italia sotto l’aspetto fisico, storico, artistico e statistico;” Taine, “Voyage en Italie;” Gregorovius, “Wanderjahre in Italien,” “Geschichte der Stadt Rom;” Ann. di Saluzzo, “Le Alpi che cingono l’Italia;” Cattaneo e Lombardini, “Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia;” Lombardini, “Pianura subapennina,” “Condizione idraulica del Po;” Martins, Gastaldi, “Terrains superficiels de la vallée du Pô;” De Mortillet, “Anciens glaciers du versant méridional des Alpes,” “Mémoires divers;” Bertolotti, “Liguria maritima;” Targioni Tozzetti, “Voyage en Toscane;” Salvagnoli Marchetti, “Maremme Toscane;” Noël des Vergers, “L’Étrurie et les Étrusques;” Beulé, “Fouilles et découvertes;” Giordano, “Roma e suo territorio;” Ponzi, “Histoire naturelle du Latium;” De Prony, “Marais Pontins;” Works of D’Ampère and Stendhal, &c.; Davies, “Pilgrimage of the Tiber;” Francis Wey, “Rome;” Spallanzani, “Voyage dans les Deux-Siciles;” Smyth, “Sicily and its Islands;” Dolomieu, “Voyage aux îles de Lipari;” De Quatrefages, “Souvenirs d’un naturaliste;” La Marmora, “Voyage en Sardaigne, Description statistique, physique et politique de l’île;” Mantegazza, “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna;” Von Maltzan, “Reise auf der Insel Sardinien;” Spano, “Itinerario della Sardegna;” Correnti e Maestri, “Statistica dell’ Italia.”

60 Area of the kingdom of Italy, 114,413 square miles; population in 1875, 27,482,174.

61 Pié di Monte, Piedmont, or Piemonte, i.e. mountain-foot.

62 Principal Alpine summits of Italy:—Monte Viso, 12,585 feet; Grand Paradis, 13,271 feet; Monte della Disgrazia, 11,840 feet; Adamello, 11,677 feet; Antelao, 10,680 feet; Brunone (Orobia range), 10,370 feet; Generoso, 5,670 feet; Monte Baldo, 7,310 feet; Monte Bolca, 3,143 feet.

63 Altitudes:—Source of the Po, 6,400 feet; Saluzzo, 1,200 feet; Turin, 755 feet; Pavia (mouth of Ticino), 330 feet; Piacenza, 217 feet; Cremona, 150 feet; Mantua, 89 feet; Ferrara, 20 feet.

64 Italian Alpine lakes having an area of more than five square miles:—

Name.

Average Area.
Sq. Miles.

Average Altitude.
Feet.

Depth, Feet.

Capacity.
Millions of Galls.

Max.

Average.

Lake of Orta

5·4

1,122

820(?)

490(?)

462,000

Verbano, or Lago Maggiore

81·4

646

1,230

690

9,680,000

Lake of Varese

6·2

771

85

33

35,200

Ceresio, or Lake of Lugano

19·3

889

950

490

1,584,000

Lario, or Lake of Como

60·2

663

1,352

810

7,700,000

Sebino, or Lake of Iseo

23·0

646

980

490

1,980,000

Lake of Idro

5·4

1,240

400(?)

(?)

(?)

Benaco, or Lake of Garda

115·8

226

960(?)

490

9,900,000

65 Volume of Adda and Ticino at their point of egress from the Alpine lakes, according to Lombardini:—

Adda.—Average 6,600, minimum 567, maximum 29,000 cubic feet per second. Ticino.—Average 11,400, minimum 1,770, maximum 77,400 cubic feet per second.

66 Principal rivers of Northern Italy:—

Length. Miles.

Area of Basin. Sq. Miles.

Volume in Cubic Feet per Second.

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

Isonzo

80

1,235

—

—

4,240?

Tagliamento

105

800

—

—

5,300?

Livenza

72

795

25,400

—

1,400?

Piave

134

2,010

—

—

11,300

Sile

37

540

1,550

350

700?

Brenta

105

1,510

30,000

137

1,930

Bacchiglione

74

187

320

—

1,270

Adige

246

8,648

85,000

70

16,950

Po

416

26,799

182,500

550

60,700

Reno

112

1,930

53,500

35

8,300

67 Average volume of the canals of the valley of the Po (cubic feet per second):—Muzza, 2,153; Naviglio Grande, 1,800; Canal Cavour, 1,482; Martesana, 918 cubic feet.

68 Humidity of the air at Milan, 74·5 per cent.; annual rainfall at Milan, 38·8 in.; at Turin, 31·8 in.; at Tolmezza, on the Upper Tagliamento, 82·3 in.

69 Mean annual temperature of Turin, 53·10° F.; hottest month (April), 73·13°; coldest month (January), 33·10°. Milan: mean, 14·04°; July, 74·84°; January, 23·26°. Venice: mean, 55·52° F.; July, 25·06°; January, 35·28°.

70

	Area, Square Miles. Dec. 31st, 1875.	Population.	Density.
Piemont	11,308	2,995,213	265
Lombardy	9,084	3,553,913	391
Venice	9,060	2,733,406	302
Emilia	7,921	2,153,381	272
Total	37,373	11,435,913	306

71 Population of the principal towns of Piemont (1871):—Turin, 192,442; Alessandria, 29,102; Novarra, 24,185; Vercelli, 20,626; Casale Monferrato, 20,436; Asti, 19,466; Novi Ligure, 12,162; Mondovi, 11,958; Cuneo, 11,859; Pinerolo, 11,832; Biella, 11,814; Saluzzo, 9,796; Savigliano, 9,544; Bra, 9,196; Alba, 9,147; Chieri, 8,986; Tortona, 8,620; Acqui, 8,332; Fossano, 7,272; Carmagnola, 3,830.

72 Population of the towns of Lombardy (1871):—Milan (Milano), 261,985; Brescia, 38,906; Bergamo, 34,555; Cremona, 30,919; Pavia, 29,618; Mantua (Mantova), 26,687; Como, 24,350; Lodi, 19,088; Monza, 17,431; Vigevano, 14,096; Busto Arsizio, 12,909; Varese, 12,605; Voghera, 11,903; Treviglio, 11,883.

73 Population of the principal towns of Emilia (1871):—Bologna, 89,104; Parma, 41,915; Piacenza, 34,908; Ferrara, 33,327; Modena, 30,854; Faenza, 23,752; Ravenna, 21,774; Reggio, 19,131; Imola, 18,189; Cesena, 17,594; Forli, 15,324; Rimini, 9,747; Lugo, 8,664; Comacchio, 7,007.

74 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including the coasting trade):—588,095 tons in 1865; 1,070,600 tons in 1875. Value of imports by sea (1874):—£5,960,200; of exports, £2,848,040.

75 Population of the principal towns of Venetia (1871):—Venice (Venezia), 128,901; Verona, 65,876; Padua (Padova), 52,011; Vicenza, 26,994; Udine, 22,692; Chioggia, 19,841; Treviso 18,547; Cavarzere, 12,336; Vittoria (formerly called Ceneda), 10,533; Adria, 9,834; Rovigo, 7,974; Feltre, 6,570; Belluno, 5,770; Este, 5,743.

76 Area, 2,153 square miles; population (1871), 843,250; density, 391.

77 Principal altitudes in Liguria:—Clapier de Pagarin, 10,073 feet; Col di Tenda, 6,146 feet; Monte Carsino, 8,794 feet; Col d’Altare, 1,600 feet; Col di Giovi, 1,538 feet; Monte Penna, 5,709 feet.

78 Average temperature of Genoa, 60·8° F.; days with rain, 121; rainfall, 45 inches. Average temperature of San Remo, 62·6; days with rain, 45; rainfall, 3·15 in.

79 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including coasting vessels):—1861, 1,936,764; 1867, 2,330,000; 1875, 3,109,796 tons. In the last-named year 3,144 sailing vessels and 970 steamers entered in the coast trade, 1,462 sailing vessels and 860 steamers from abroad.

80 Annual produce of olive oil in the province of Porto Maurizio, which includes San Remo, 778,500 gallons.

81 Population of the principal towns of Liguria (1871):—Genoa (Genova), 132,521; Savona, 24,851; Spezia, 15,636; San Pier d’Arena, 15,568; Sestri Ponente, 9,605; San Remo, 9,017; Chiavari, 8,414; Oneglia, 7,944.

82 Area of Tuscany, 9,287 square miles; population (1871), 1,983,810; density, 214.

83 Altitudes (in English feet):—

Apennines.—Alps of Succiso, 6,625; Alps of Camporaghena (Garfagnana), 6,565; Monte Cimone, 7,111; Monte Falterone, or Falterona, 5,407.

Passes.—Pass of Pontremoli, or La Cisa (Sarzana to Parma), 3,410; Pass of Fiumalbo (Lucca to Modena), 3,940; Pass of Futa, or Pietramala (Florence to Bologna), 3,002; Pass of Camaldoli, 3,290.

Anti-Apennines.—Pisanino (Alpe Apuana), 6,608; Pietra Marina (Monte Albano), 1,886; Prato Magno, 5,183; Alpe di Catenaja, 4,595 feet.

84 134,000 tons of marble were quarried in 1873, valued at nearly £500,000 sterling.

85 In 1873 5,466 vessels of 920,626 tons entered: 5,314 vessels of 901,533 tons cleared, inclusive of coasting vessels.

86 Area, 85 square miles; population, 21,722 souls.

87 Population of the principal towns of Tuscany (in 1871):—Florence (Firenze), 167,093; Leghorn (Livorno), 89,462; Pisa, 41,796; Siena, 22,965; Lucca, 21,286; Prato, 15,924; Carrara, 10,848; Pistoja, 12,966; Arezzo, 11,151; Viareggio, 9,983; Pontedera, 7,991; San Casciano, 6,862; Fojano della Chiana, 6,127; Empoli, 5,949; Volterra, 5,796; Massa Maritima, 5,766; Porto Ferrajo, 5,779; Fucecchio, 5,755; Figline Valdarno, 5,673; Montalcino, 5,186; Pontassieve, 5,141; Pontelungo, 5,039; Buti, 5,029; Massa, 4,786; Orbetello, 4,674; Pontremoli, 4,473.

88

	Area, Square Miles.	Population (1871).	Density.
Rome	4,552	836,700	184
Umbria	3,720	549,600	148
Marches	3,751	915,420	244
Abruzzos	4,898	918,770	188
	16,921	3,220,490	190

89 VOLCANIC LAKES:—Bolsena: area, 42 sq. m.; height, 995 ft.; depth, 460 ft. Bracciano: area, 22 sq. m.; height, 495 ft.; depth, 820 ft. Albano: area, 2·3 sq. m.; height, 1,000 ft.; depth, 466 ft. Nemi: area, 0·8 sq. m.; height, 1,108 ft.; depth, 164 ft. SHALLOW LAKES:—Trasimeno: area, 46 sq. m.; height, 843 ft.; depth, 21 ft. Fucino (in 1860): area, 61 sq. m.; height, 2,300 ft.; depth, 92 ft.

90 Basin, 6,475 square miles; length, 260 miles, of which 60 are navigable.

91 Annual rainfall at Rome, 30·7 inches; at the foot of the Apennines, 43·3 in.; on the summits, 94·5 in. Volume of the Tiber: average 10,180 cubic ft.; maximum, 60,400 cubic ft.; minimum, 4,650 cubic ft., a second.

92 Water supply of some leading cities (in gallons):—

	Per Second.	Per Day.	Per In­hab­i­tant.
Rome (1869)	481	41,580,000	208
Paris (1875)	904	78,100,000	44
London (1874)	1,262	110,000,000	27·5
Glasgow (1874)	373	32,482,500	52
Washington (1870)	741	66,000,000	660

93 Value of exports and imports, 1863, £1,348,000; 1868, £999,660.

94 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of Latium in 1873:—Cività Vecchia, 520,000 (1875, 600,351); Fiumicino, 63,000; Porto d’Anzio, 30,900; Terracina, 335,000 tons.

95 Towns of Latium (1871):—Rome, 229,356 (1876, 264,280); Viterbo, 16,326; Velletri, 14,798; Cività Vecchia, 10,484; Ferentino, 8,360; Tivoli, 7,730; Frosinone, 7,714; Subiaco, 6,990; Sezze, 6,659; Alatri, 6,393 inhabitants.

96 Population of the principal towns of Umbria (1871):—Perugia, 16,708; Rieti, 12,905; Terni, 12,419; Foligno, 8,471; Spoleto, 7,490; Orvieto, 7,423; Città di Castello, 6,588; Assisi, 6,225; Gubbio, 5,343.

97 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared from Ancona in the coast and foreign trade; 258,292 tons in 1858, 372,877 tons in 1867, 751,689 tons in 1875.

98 Towns of the Marches having over 10,000 inhabitants:—Ancona, 35,111; Jesi, 13,472; Sinigaglia, 11,173; Ascoli-Piceno, 11,373; Fermo, 15,862; Macerata, 11,194; Pesaro, 12,375; Urbino, 10,194.

Abruzzos:—Lanciano, 15,432; Chieti, 14,321; Aquila, 13,513; Campobusso, 13,345; Solmona, 12,583; Vasto, 10,093.

99 Area of San Marino, 24 square miles; population (1874), 7,816.

100 Area, exclusive of the Abruzzos, 28,002 square miles; population, 6,251,750.

101 Mean annual temperature of Naples, 62° F.; extremes, 23° and 104°; rainfall, 37 inches.

102 In 1868 69 per cent. of the men and 88 per cent. of the women married in the Campania, the most educated province of Naples, were not able to sign their names. In the Basilicata the proportions were 85 and 96 per cent. !

103 In 1873 there were 363 fishing-boats, and 90,000 lbs. of coral, valued at £92,000, were obtained.

104 In 1864 10,694 vessels, of 1,496,500 tons burden, entered and cleared the port of Naples; in 1875 11,288 vessels, of 2,923,922 tons.

105 In 1862 1,100 vessels, of 75,000 tons, entered and cleared at Brindisi; in 1875, 1,342 vessels, inclusive of 396 steamers, of 771,096 tons, in the foreign trade.

106 Towns of Naples having over 10,000 inhabitants (in 1870):—Naples (Napoli), 421,803; Bari, 49,423; Foggia, 34,181; Andria, 32,678; Reggio, 29,854; Barletta, 27,444; Molfetta, 26,516; Corato, 26,018; Trani, 24,026; Bitonto, 23,087; Taranto, 22,858; Castellamare di Stabia, 22,037; Cerignola, 21,739; Lecce, 21,081; Salerno, 20,611; Aversa, 19,734; Bisceglia, 19,007; Torre del Greco, 18,950; Catanzaro, 18,781; Potenza, 18,513; Gaeta, 18,385; Avellino, 18,260; Gerlizzi, 18,175; Maddaloni, 17,578; Afragola, 17,541; Francavilla Fontana, 17,457; Benevento, 17,370; Altamura, 17,004; Santa Maria di Capua Vetere, 16,785; San Severo, 16,545; Torre dell’ Annunziata, 15,321; Ruvo di Puglia, 15,055; Monte Sant’ Angelo, 14,902; Rossano, 14,818; San Marco in Lamis, 14,540; Cosenza, 14,522; Caserta, 14,578; Canosa di Puglia, 14,458; Ostuni, 14,422; Ariano di Puglia, 14,347; Matera, 14,262; Monopoli, 13,800; Minervino Murge, 13,630; Martina Franca, 13,440; Campobasso, 13,345; Brindisi, 13,194; Lucera, 13,064; Acerra, 12,858; Ceglia Messacapio, 12,582; Gioja del Colla, 12,442; Pagani, 12,208; Fasano, 12,190; Capua, 12,174; Cittanova, 12,137; Palo di Colla, 11,887; Mola di Bari, 11,775; Pozzuoli, 11,751; Rionera in Voltara, 11,520; Amalfi, 11,225; Resina, 11,132; Sarno, 10,933; San Giovanni del Teduccio, 10,898; Nola, 10,771; Giugliano in Campania, 10,751; Lauria, 10,609; Frattamaggiore, 10,486; Corigliano Calabro, 10,481; Nicastro, 10,418; Cairano, 10,081; Montecorvo, 10,020; Conversano, 10,012.

107 Minimum width of the Strait of Messina, 10,330 feet; maximum depth, 1,090 feet; average depth, 246 feet.

108 Area of Sicily, 11,290 square miles; population in 1870, 2,565,300 souls; density, 227.

109 Mean annual temperature at Palermo and Messina, 64° F.; at Catania and Girgenti, 68° F.; rainfall at Palermo, 26 inches.

110 The salt marshes of the province of Trapani cover an area of 2,100 acres, and yielded, in 1865, 55,000 tons of salt, valued at £24,200.

111 In 1862 27,596 vessels, of 1,825,232 tons burden, entered and cleared from Sicilian ports; in 1869 34,989 vessels, of 2,869,327 tons; in 1873 70,974 vessels, of 5,942,700 tons. In 1875 the number of vessels and tonnage which entered and cleared was—at Messina, 9,213 vessels, of 2,335,144 tons; at Palermo, 11,692 vessels, of 1,812,195 tons; at Catania, 5,137 vessels, of 529,539 tons; and at Trapani, 5,407 vessels, of 288,475 tons.

112 Towns of Sicily having more than 10,000 inhabitants (in 1871):—Palermo, 186,406; Messina, 71,921; Catania, 84,397; Marsala, 34,202; Modica, 33,169; Trapani, 28,052; Acireale, 26,692; Caltagirone, 25,978; Ragusa Superiore, 21,494; Caltanissetta, 21,464; Canicatti, 20,908; Alcamo, 20,890; Castelvetrano, 20,420; Partinico, 20,098; Syracuse (Siracusa), 20,035; Termini Imerese, 19,646; Girgenti, 19,603; Sciacca, 18,896; Piazza Armerina, 18,252; Vittoria, 17,528; Giarre, 17,414; Comiso, 16,694; Corleone, 16,150; Licata, 15,966; Favara, 15,233; Vizzini, 14,942; Terranova di Sicilia, 14,911; Paterno, 14,790; Noto, 14,767; Aderno, 14,673; Bronte, 14,589; Nicosia, 14,544; Castrogiovanni, 14,511; Barcellona or Pozzo di Gotto, 14,471; Salemi, 14,096; Palma di Montechiaro, 13,497; Monreale, 13,496; Gangi, 13,057; San Cataldo, 12,899; Biancavilla, 12,631; Partana, 12,467; Mazzara del Valle, 12,155; Leonforte, 12,010; Mazzarino, 11,951; Avola, 11,912; Agira, 11,876; Bagheria, 11,651; Riesi, 11,548; Agosta, 11,382; Castellamare del Golfo, 11,280; Mistretta, 11,218; Racalmuto, 11,012; Niscemi, 10,750; Sciecli, 10,724; Lentini, 10,578; Cefalù, 10,194; Froina, 10,193; Grammicheli, 10,192; Pietraperzia, 10,149; Palazzolo Acreide, 10,132.

113 Area and population of the Liparic Islands:—Lipari, 12·4 square miles, 14,000 inhabitants; Vulcano, 9·7 square miles, 100 inhabitants; Panaria and neighbouring islets, 7·7 square miles, 200 inhabitants; Stromboli, 7·7 square miles, 500 inhabitants; Salina, 10·8 square miles, 4,500 inhabitants; Felicudi, 5·9 square miles, 800 inhabitants; Alicudi, 3 square miles, 300 inhabitants. Total, 57·2 square miles, 18,400 inhabitants.

114 Pantellaria, 39·7 square miles, 6,000 inhabitants; Linosa, 4·6 square miles, 900 inhabitants; Lampedusa, 3 square miles, 600 inhabitants.

115 The tonnage of vessels which enter and clear annually from foreign ports amounts to 4,300,000 tons; the value of dutiable articles imported is nearly £9,000,000 sterling, and the value of the exports about the same.

116 Area of Malta, Gozzo, and Comino, 146 square miles; population 149,084, inclusive of 7,309 military and their families.

117 Area, 9,440 square miles; population (1871), 636,500.

118 In 1873 11,256 vessels, of 1,080,000 tons, entered and cleared the five ports of the island. In 1875 2,516 vessels, of 504,756 tons, entered and cleared at Cagliari alone, the increase since 1861 having been nearly 100 per cent.

119 Population of the principal towns of Sardinia (1871):—Cagliari, 31,9 5; Sassari, 30,542; Alghero, 8,769; Ozieri, 7,965; Iglesias, 7,191; Oristano, 6,963; Terranova, 1,976.

120 Agricultural statistics of Italy, 1869 (according to Maestri):—Distribution of Area:—Fields, vineyards, and orchards, 27,267,360 acres; olive plantations, 1,371,400 acres; chestnut plantations, 1,445,000 acres; forests, 10,240,400 acres; meadows, 2,900,000 acres; pastures, 13,337,000 acres. Annual Produce:—Cereals, 206,300,000 bushels (value £84,000,000); potatoes, 27,500,000 bushels (£2,000,000); wines, 880,000,000 gallons (£44,000,000); raw silk, 6,889,437 lbs. in 1873, 6,305,214 lbs. in 1874; tobacco, 7,235,000 lbs.; oil, 3,747,850 lbs. (£8,800,000); chestnuts, 14,860,000 bushels. Domesticated Animals (1868):—1,196,128 horses, 3,489,125 heads of cattle, 8,674,527 sheep and goats, 1,553,582 pigs.

121 Annual mineral produce of Italy (in tons):—Iron, 85,000; copper, 13,000; lead, 32,250; zinc, 30,000; coal, 110,750; sulphur, 285,611; salt, 388,000; besides small quantities of silver, nickel, mercury, &c.

122 Occupations:—Amongst every 1,000 inhabitants there are 342 agriculturists; 163 miners and artisans; 29 commercial men; 23 artists and scientific men; 7 priests; 6 officials; 1 soldier; 31 “proprietors;” 21 domestic servants; 13 paupers; and 382 without occupation.

123 In 1874 there were 10,929 vessels (including 138 steamers), of a burden of 1,031,889 tons; 37,560 vessels, of 7,580,317 tons, entered from or cleared for foreign ports; 197,896 vessels, of 16,500,000 tons, entered and cleared in the home trade. Of every 1,000 tons engaged in the foreign commerce, 368 sailed under the Italian, 266 under the English, and 173 under the French flag. The commerce with France engaged 1,779,672 tons; that with England 1,388,300 tons; and that with Austria 998,740 tons.

124 In 1876 4,791 miles of railway had been opened for traffic, and 460 miles were building. There were also 1,858 miles of canals and navigable rivers, and 77,140 miles of public roads.

125 Public Schools (1872):—58,322 elementary and evening schools, 2,274,999 pupils; 1,082 superior schools, 64,044 pupils; 21 universities, 10,000 students; 651 professional, technical, and art schools, 33,311 students. Total, 60,076 schools, &c., with 2,382,354 pupils and students.

126

	1861.	1873.	1875.
Expenditure	£24,206,920	£61,704,000	£56,618,600
Revenue	£18,332,880	£52,384,000	£55,499,800
Deficit	£5,874,040	£9,340,000	£1,118,800
National Debt	£100,000,000	£402,400,000	£460,000,000

127 Authorities:—Marmocchi, “Géographie de la Corse;” Gregorovius, “Corsica;” Pr. Mérimée, “Voyage en Corse.”

128 Area of Corsica, 3,378 square miles; length from north to south, 114 miles; width, 52 miles; development of coast-line, 300 miles.

129 From north to south:—Monte Padro, 7,846 feet; Monte Cinto, 8,878 feet; Paglia Orba, 8,283 feet; Rotondo, 8,607 feet; Monte d’Oro, 7,890 feet; Incudine, 6,746 feet.

130 Mean annual temperature at Bastia, 66·7° F.; rainfall, 23 inches.

131 Area, 3,378 square miles; population in 1740, 120,380; in 1872, 259,861.

132 Average annual produce:—Cereals, 2,613,000 bushels; oil, 3,300,000 gallons; wine, 6,600,000 gallons.

133 Towns of Corsica (1872):—Bastia, 17,950; Ajaccio, 16,550; Corte, 5,450; Sartène, 4,150; Bonifacio, 3,600; Bastelica, 2,950; Calenzana, 2,600; Calvi, 2,175 inhabitants.

134 Authorities:—Coello, F. de Luxan y A. Pascual, “Reseñas Geográfica, Geológica y Agrícola de España;” Baron Davillier et Gust. Doré, “Voyage en Espagne;” De Laborde, “Itinéraire Descriptif de l’Espagne;” Bory de Saint-Vincent, “Résumé Géographique de la Péninsule Ibérique;” De Verneuil et Collomb, “Mémoires Géologiques sur l’Espagne;” Ford, “Handbook for Travellers in Spain;” Fern. Garrido, “L’Espagne Contemporaine;” Cherbuliez, “L’Espagne Politique;” Ed. Quinet, “Mes Vacances en Espagne;” Th. Gautier, “Tras los Montes,” “Voyage en Espagne;” M. Willkomm, “Die Pyrenäische Halbinsel,” “Strand- und Steppengebiete der iberischen Halbinsel;” George Sand, “Un Hiver à Majorque;” Ludw. Salvator, “Balearen in Wort und Bild;” Bladé, “Études Géographiques sur la Vallée d’Andorre;” W. von Humboldt, “Urbewohner Spaniens;” Eug. Cordier, “Organisation de la Famille chez les Basques;” Paul Broca, “Mémoires d’Anthropologie.”

135 Area of the Iberian peninsula, exclusive of the Balearic Islands, 225,605 square miles; area of Spain, 191,104 square miles; of Portugal (without the Azores), 34,501 square miles. Average height, according to Leipoldt, 2,300 feet.

136 Contour of peninsula, 2,015 miles, of which 1,301 are on the Atlantic, and 714 on the Me­di­ter­ra­nean. Width of the isthmus of the Pyrenees, 260 miles.

137

	Area.	Population (1870).	Density.
Basin of the Duero (Leon and Old Castile, exclusive of Logroño and Santander)	36,593 sq. m.	2,550,000	69
Basins of the Tajo and the Guadiana	44,719 sq. m.	2,276,000	51

138 Average rainfall at Madrid, 10·7 inches; evaporation, 72·6 inches.

139 Mean annual temperature, 57·9°; extremes, 104° and 14° F.

140 Population of the principal towns of the Castiles (1870):—Old Castile: Valladolid, 60,000; Burgos, 14,000; Salamanca, 13,500; Palencia, 13,000; Zamora, 9,000; Segovia, 7,000; Leon, 7,000; Ávila, 6,000. New Castile: Madrid, 332,000; Toledo, 17,500; Almagro, 14,000; Daimiel, 13,000; Ciudad Real, 12,000; Val de Peñas, 11,000; Almaden, 9,000; Manzanares, 9,000; Cuenca, 7,000; Talavera de la Reyna, 7,500; Guadalajara, 6,000. Estremadura: Badajoz, 22,000; Don Benito, 15,000; Cáceres, 12,000; Villanueva de la Serena, 8,000; Plasencia, 6,000; Mérida, 6,000.

141 Area of the basin of the Guadalquivir, 21,000 square miles; area of Andalusia, 28,370 square miles; population (1870), 2,749,629; density, 91.

142

	Mean Annual Temp., °F.	Rainfall. Year, in.	Rainfall. Oct.–March, in.	Rainfall. April–Sept., in.
Granada	66	48·5	40·3	8·2
Seville	68	26·1	23·1	3·0
Gibraltar	70	28·9	20·3	8·6

143 Export of wine from Cádiz and Santa María:—1858, 3,597,000 gallons; 1862, 5,115,000 gallons; 1873, 10,446,480 gallons, valued at £2,937,000.

144 In 1873 600,000 tons of pyrites were exported from the district of Huelva, of which 340,000 tons came from the mine of Tharsis.

145 In 1874 3,639 vessels, of 616,060 tons burden, entered; the imports had a value of £633,700, the exports (consisting for the most part of wine) of £3,116,000.

146 Approximate population of the principal towns of Andalusia:—

Cádiz, 62,000; Jerez, 35,000; Chiclana, 22,000; Puerto de Santa María, 18,000; San Fernando, 18,000; Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 17,000; Puerto Real, 14,000; Arcos de la Frontera, 12,000; Algeciras, 18,000; Medina Sidonia, 10,500.

Huelva, 10,000.

Seville (Sevilla), 80,000; Ecija, 24,000; Carmona, 18,000; Osuna, 16,000; Utrera, 14,000; Lebrija, 12,000; Marchena, 12,000.

Córdova, 45,000; Lucena, 16,000; Montilla, 15,500; Montoro, 12,000; Aguilar, 12,000; Baena, 14,500; Cabra, 11,500.

Jaen, 18,000; Linares, 40,000; Ubeda, 15,000; Baeza, 15,000; Alcalá la Real, 11,500; Andújar, 9,500.

Granada, 65,000; Loja, 15,000; Motril, 13,500; Baza, 13,500.

Málaga, 92,000; Antequera, 30,000; Velez Málaga, 15,000; Ronda, 14,000.

Almería, 27,000; Velez Rúbio, 13,000.

147 Gibraltar in 1871 had 16,454 inhabitants, exclusive of the military: its annual revenue exceeds £40,000, and the burden of the vessels which enter and clear annually amounts to 3,500,000 tons.

148

Murcia	10,450	square miles.	660,040	inhabitants, or	63 to a sq. m.
Valencia	8,896	square miles.	1,401,833	inhabitants, or	158 to a sq. m.

149 82,000 tons of esparto grass are estimated to have been collected in 1873, of which 67,000 tons were exported to England.

150 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £2,707,000.

151 Population of the principal towns of the Me­di­ter­ra­nean slope between Cabo de Gata and the Ebro:—Valencia, 108,000; Murcia, 55,000; Lorca, 40,000; Alicante, 31,000; Cartagena, 25,000; Orihuela, 21,000; Castellon de la Plana, 20,000; Alcoy, 16,000; Albacete, 15,000; Játiva, 13,000; Alcira, 13,000; Almansa, 9,000.

152 Towns of Majorca:—Palma, 40,000; Manacor, 15,000; Felanitx, 10,500; Lluchmayor, 8,800; Pollenza, 8,000; Inca, 8,000; Soller, 8,000; Santañia, 8,000.

153 Catalonia, 12,483 square miles, 1,778,408 inhabitants; Aragon, 17,676 square miles, 928,718 inhabitants.

154 Area of the basin of the Ebro, 25,100 square miles; discharge during floods, 175,000 cubic feet, average, 7,100 cubic feet; during summer, 1,750 cubic feet; annual rainfall, 18 inches; surface drainage, 1·4 inches; proportion between the two, 13 : 1.

155 Zaragoza:—Mean temperature, 61°; extremes, 106° and 21°; difference, 85°; rainfall, 13·6 inches. Barcelona:—Mean temperature, 63°; extremes, 88° and 32°; difference, 56°; rainfall, 15·7 inches.

156 In 1873 there were 700 cotton-mills, with 104,000 hands and 1,400,000 spindles, consuming 67,200,000 lbs. of cotton.

157 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £10,691,000.

158 Population of the principal towns:—Aragon: Zaragoza, 56,000; Calatayud, 12,000; Huesca, 10,000; Teruel, 7,000. Catalonia (Cataluña): Barcelona, 180,000; Reus, 25,000; Tortosa, 22,000; Mataró, 17,000; Sabadell, 15,000; Manresa, 14,000; Tarragona, 13,000; Lérida, 12,000; Vich, 12,000; Badalona, 11,000; Igualada, 10,500; Olot, 10,000; Tarrasa, 9,000; Gerona, 8,000; Figueras, 8,000.

159 Navarra and Basque provinces, 6,828 square miles, 790,676 inhabitants; Logroño, 1,945 square miles, 182,941 inhabitants.

160 In 1875 Basque was spoken by 556,000 individuals, viz. by 116,000 in France, by 340,000 in the three Basque provinces of Spain, and by 100,000 in Navarra.

161 Population of principal towns (approximately):—Biscay (Vizcaya): Bilbao, 30,000. Guipúzcoa St. Sebastian, 15,000; Tolosa, 8,000. Alava: Vitoria, 12,500. Navarra: Pamplona, 22,000; Estella, 6,000. Logroño: Logroño, 12,000; Calahorra, 7,000.

162

Santander	2,113	sq. m.	241,581	inhabitants	114	to a sq. m.
Asturias	4,091	sq. m.	610,883	inhabitants	152	to a sq. m.
Galicia	11,344	sq. m.	1,989,281	inhabitants	176	to a sq. m.

163 Climate in 1858:—Oviedo: 750 feet above the sea-level, mean temperature, 49·46° F.; extremes, 23·9° and 82°; rainfall, 81·3 inches. Santiago: 720 feet above sea-level, mean temperature, 59·07°; extremes, 28° and 95°; rainfall, 42·7 inches.

164

	Area of Catchment Basin. Sq. m. per sec.	Length of Main Branch. Miles.	Average Rainfall. Inches.	Average Discharge. Cub. ft.	Surface Drainage in Proportion to Rainfall. Per cent.
Miño (and Sil)	9,650	190	47	17,700	50
Duero	38,610	507	20	22,950	40
Tajo (Tagus)	28,960	556	16	11,600	33
Guadiana (and Záncara)	23,170	553	14	5,680	25
Guadalquivir	21,240	348	19	9,220	30
Segura	8,500	217	12	710	10
Júcar	5,800	318	13	880	15
Ebro	25,100	466	18	7,100	20
Total	161,030		16	75,810	33

165 Imports (1873), £2,348,720; exports, £2,341,360.

166 Imports (1873), £310,227; exports, £210,532.

167 Imports (1873), £873,286; exports, £381,636.

168 Population of towns:—Santander, 21,000; Oviedo, 9,000; Gijon, 6,000; Santiago de Compostela, 29,000; La Coruña, 20,000; Ferrol, 17,000; Lugo, 8,000; Vigo, 6,000; Orense, 5,000; Pontevedra, 4,200.

169 Of the total area 26·1 per cent. consists of arable land, 2·8 of vineyards, 1·7 of olive plantation, 13·7 of meadows and pasture, 16·3 per cent. of woods: 39·4 per cent. are uncultivated. The total value of agricultural produce is estimated at £80,000,000.

The produce of the mines in 1871 represented a value of £6,271,000.

In 1865 there were enumerated 680,373 horses, 1,020,512 mules, 1,298,334 asses, 2,967,303 heads of horned cattle, 22,468,969 sheep, 4,531,736 goats, 4,531,228 pigs, and 3,104 camels.

The products of manufactures are estimated by Garrido at £63,480,000. Imports (1871), £22,780,000, (1874) £15,280,000; exports (1871), £17,688,000, (1874) £16,120,000.

Commercial marine (1874), 2,836 sea-going vessels (inclusive of 212 steamers), of 625,184 tons, besides 6,498 lighters (26,000 tons) and 12,000 fishing-boats.

Railways, 3,602 miles in 1876.

170 Educational statistics (1870):—

	Men.	Women.	Total.
Able to read and write	2,414,000	716,000	3,130,000
Able to read only	317,000	389,000	706,000
Illiterate	5,035,000	6,803,000	11,838,000

171 Revenue (1876–7), £26,300,069; estimated expenditure, £26,251,518, of which more than half is for army and navy; national debt, £420,322,000.

172 Link und Hoffmannsegg, “Voyage en Portugal;” Minutoli, “Portugal und seine Kolonien;” Vogel, “Le Portugal et ses Colonies;” Lady Jackson, “Fair Lusitania;” Latouche, “Travels in Portugal.”

173 Temperature of Coimbra (according to Coello):—Year, 61·1°; winter, 52·2; spring, 63; summer, 68·9, autumn, 62·3; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (July), 69·4; difference, 19·2 F. Temperature of Oporto (according to De Luiz, mean of eight years):—Year, 60·2; winter, 51·1; spring, 58·6; summer, 69·8; autumn, 61·2; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (August), 70·3; difference, 20·1 F.

174 Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium, in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000 gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000 gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than ever before.

175 Imports and exports about £4,000,000.

176 Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal (1864):—Entre Douro e Minho: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de Varzim, 10,110; Guimarães, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. Traz os Montes: Chaves, 6,382; Bragança, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. Beira: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar, 10,374; Covilhã, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666; Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; Avéiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014; Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; Paião, 5,097.

177 In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt, 200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels entered the harbour.

178 Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature, 27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150.

179 In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000 tons were from Setúbal.

180 Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; Setúbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797; Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; Louriçal, 5,182.

181 Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Alemtejo: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274; Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; Móura, 5,489; Castello de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. Algarve: Loulé, 12,156; Tavira, 10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; Olhão, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043; Villanova de Portimão, 5,531; São Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318; Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103.

182 For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. 500.

183 In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools, attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special schools, with 4,300 students.

184 In 1875, 2,237 miles of royal high-roads, 600 miles of railroads.

185 Value of exports and imports in 1840, £4,016,320; in 1856, £8,127,400; 1875, £12,916,020. The commercial marine consisted in 1875 of 433 vessels (inclusive of 23 steamers), measuring 111,260 tons.